Examples of fetal skin in the following topics:
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- The integumentary system is both a barrier and a sensory organ, and includes the skin (the largest bodily organ), as well as appendages, sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails and arrectores pillorum (tiny muscles at the root of each hair that cause goose bumps).
- Fetal skin forms from three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells.
- Figure 1 shows a diagram of the skin structure.
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- At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with fetal lung fluid (which is not amniotic fluid) and are not inflated.
- The higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt.
- All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern.
- Inadequate glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or other problems.
- Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction (a decrease of blood flow to the skin), maintaining the fetal position (a decrease of the surface area exposed to the environment), jittery large muscle activity (to generate muscular heat), and non-shivering thermogenesis.
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- TORCH infections are a group of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections that gain access to the fetal bloodstream from the mother.
- TORCH infections can lead to severe fetal anomalies or even fetal loss.
- They are a group of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections that gain access to the fetal bloodstream through the placenta via the chorionic villi.
- Haematogenous transmission may occur at any time during gestation or occasionally at the time of delivery via maternal-to-fetal transfusion .
- A petechial rash on the skin may be present, with small reddish or purplish spots due to bleeding from capillaries under the skin.
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- At the end of the 10th week of gestation, the fetal period begins.
- Week 13: The fetus begins to get its nourishment from the placenta and the veins and organs are visible through the skin.
- Weeks 15 to 16: The heart pumps out 25 quarts of blood a day and the fetal structures are looking more normal.
- Its skin is starting to grow a protective, wax-like layer and tiny air spaces begin to form in the lungs and the vocal cords.
- Outline the progression of fetal development from 11 weeks to 40 weeks
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- Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when IgG produced by the mother transfers through the placenta and attacks fetal red blood cells.
- Among these antibodies are some which attack the red blood cells in the fetal circulation.
- This disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur.
- When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood; hence the name erythroblastosis fetalis.
- After delivery, bilirubin is no longer cleared (via the placenta) from the neonate's blood and the symptoms of jaundice (yellowish skin and yellow discoloration of the whites of the eyes) increase within 24 hours after birth.
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- Dystocia may arise due to incoordinate uterine activity, abnormal fetal lie or presentation, absolute or relative cephalopelvic disproportion (head too large for birth canal), or (rarely) a massive fetal tumor such as a sacrococcygeal teratoma.
- Recognized complications of dystocia include fetal death, respiratory depression, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), and brachial nerve damage.
- The incision on the skin may be different from the one used internally.
- It is often referred to as the bikini cut, as the skin incision is typically below the bikini line just above the pubic hair.
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- There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
- The ectoderm is the layer that will become the nervous system and outer skin layers; the mesoderm will become the circulatory system, skeleton, muscles, reproductive system, and inner layer of skin; and the endoderm will become the respiratory system and part of the digestive system, as well as the urinary tract.
- The remainder of prenatal development occurs during the fetal stage, which lasts from week 9 until birth (usually between 38 and 40 weeks).
- Throughout the fetal stage the brain continues to grow and develop, nearly doubling in size from weeks 16 to 28.
- During the fetal stage, the brain develops and the body adds size and weight, until the fetus reaches full-term development.
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- The developing embryo undergoes tremendous growth and changes during the process of fetal development.
- Pigmentation of the linea alba (called linea nigra), which is darkening of the skin in a midline of the abdomen.
- During this trimester, fetal development can be divided into different stages.
- At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply.
- All major structures, including the head, brain, hands, feet, and other organs have been formed by the fetal stage.
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- The most serious consequences of prenatal drug or alcohol exposure involve newborn addiction and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
- Fetal alcohol syndrome affects both physical and mental development, damaging neurons within the brain and often leading to cognitive impairment and below-average weight.
- For example, in Himalayan rabbits, the genetic expressions of fur, skin, and eyes are regulated by temperature.
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- Fetal circulation includes the blood vessels within the placenta and the umbilical cord that carry fetal blood.
- Fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation that also includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.
- The fetal circulation works differently from that of born humans, mainly because the lungs are not in use.
- The core concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows a diffusion of oxygen from the mother's circulatory system to the fetus.
- About half of this enters the fetal ductus venosus and is carried to the inferior vena cava, while the other half enters the liver proper from the inferior border of the liver.