Executive Order 9981

Examples of Executive Order 9981 in the following topics:

• Civil Rights

  • First, he created the President's Committee on Civil Rights by Executive Order 9808 on December 5, 1946.
  • Tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated Truman, and were a major factor in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981, in July 1948, desegregating and requiring equal opportunity in the Armed Forces.
  • Another executive order, also in 1948, made it illegal to discriminate against persons applying for civil service positions based on race.
  • These "small actions" culminated into the signing of the two executive orders mentioned above by Truman in 1948, an election year.
  • Historian Howard Zinn argued that the President failed to use the power given to him by the 14th and 15th amendments to execute laws strong enough to combat discrimination.

• African Americans in WWII

  • Roosevelt signed the executive order (8802) that prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry.
  • Coseqnutely, Truman's Order expanded on Executive Order 8802 by establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the military for people of all races, religions, or national origins.
  • In July 1948, the Executive Order 9981 abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

• Executive Orders

  • In the United States, an executive order is an order or directive issued by the head of the executive branch at some level of government.
  • In the United States, an executive order is an order or directive issued by the head of the executive branch at some level of government.
  • The term executive order is most commonly applied to orders issued by the President, who is the head of the executive branch of the federal government.
  • These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders—the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government.
  • Compare and contrast the different types of executive orders made by the President

• The Expansion of Presidential Powers

  • The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed. " The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.
  • Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy.
  • In other words, they did not expect a strong executive.
  • Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies. " She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress."
  • Obama's administrative appointment made during a Congressional recess, and is scheduled to rule on the constitutionality of an executive order know as DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) that delays deportation of undocumented residents who arrived as children.

• Executive Privilege

  • At that point, the Truman Administration issued a sweeping secrecy order blocking congressional efforts from the FBI and other executive data on security problems.
  • The Supreme Court addressed "executive privilege" in United States v.
  • The Clinton administration invoked executive privilege on fourteen occasions.
  • Correspondingly, the Bush administration invoked executive privilege on six occasions.
  • Analyze the application of executive privilege by the President since World War II

• Cabinet Departments

  • The cabinet is the collection of top-ranking advisors in the executive branch of government, particularly executive department secretaries.
  • Beneath the secretary, each executive department has a deputy secretary.
  • In other words, if the president, vice president, speaker, and president pro temopre were all incapacitated by death, resignation, or impeachment, the Cabinet members would ascend to the Office of President in a predetermined order.
  • The order of the departments, and the roles of the secretaries of each department, is as follows:
  • In addition to the secretaries of the established executive departments, there are some cabinet-level officers who are the heads of independent executive agencies.

• Defining Spread

  • Liquidity demanders place market orders and liquidity suppliers place limit orders.
  • A limit order is an order to buy or sell a stock at a specific price or better.
  • A buy limit order can only be executed at the limit price or lower, and a sell limit order can only be executed at the limit price or higher.
  • A limit order is not guaranteed to execute.
  • While limit orders do not guarantee execution, they help ensure that an investor does not pay more than a pre-determined price for a stock.

• A Typical Department Structure

  • Executive departments are organs of the executive branch of the federal government that carry out foreign and domestic administrative duties and are headed by members of the Cabinet.
  • In other words, if the president, vice president, speaker, and president pro temopre were all incapacitated by death, resignation, or impeachment, the Cabinet members would ascend to the Office of President in a predetermined order.
  • Beneath the secretary, each executive department has a deputy secretary.
  • The Department of Justice is typical of all executive departments in its hierarchical organization.
  • Describe the organizational structure of an executive department such as the Commerce Department

• Vertical Checks and Balances

  • To prevent one branch of government from becoming supreme, to protect the minority from the majority, and to induce the branches to cooperate, government systems employ a separation of powers in order to balance each of the branches.
  • Congress is in charge of ratifying treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal, judiciary, and executive departments.
  • The executive branch (President) is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
  • He executes the instructions of Congress, may veto bills passed by Congress, and executes the spending authorized by Congress.
  • The president declares states of emergency, publishes regulations and executive orders, makes executive agreements, and signs treaties (ratification of these treaties requires the vote of two-thirds of the Senate).

• The Executive Office of the President

  • The Executive Office of the President (EOP) consists of the immediate and support staff of the President of the United States.
  • Ballpark estimates indicate some 2,000 to 2,500 persons serve in Executive Office of the President staff positions with policy-making responsibilities, with a budget of 300 to 400 million.
  • New units within the EOP were created, some by statute, some by executive order of the president.
  • The staff of the Executive Office of the President is managed by the White House Chief of Staff.
  • Explain the functions of the different agencies associated with the Executive Office of the President and their histories