ex post facto law

Examples of ex post facto law in the following topics:

• Powers Denied to Congress

  • Congress has numerous prohibited powers dealing with habeas corpus, regulation of commerce, titles of nobility, ex post facto and taxes.
  • No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
  • No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

• Article I

  • The section provides that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended "except when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it"; prohibits bills of attainder or ex post facto laws; bars the imposition of taxes or duties on articles exported from any state or the granting of preference to ports of one state over another; and prohibits civil officers from accepting titles of nobility without the consent of Congress.
  • To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
  • To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
  • No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
  • No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

• The Radical Record

  • By 1867 they defined terms for suffrage for freed slaves and limited early suffrage for many ex-Confederates.
  • The law stated that African-Americans were to be granted equal rights as citizens.
  • Then, the Civil Rights bill became law.
  • During Reconstruction, he fought to minimize the power of the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the freedmen.
  • Evaluate how the radical Republican Congress worked to change the post-Civil War political landscape

• Jim Crow Laws

  • The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto (in practice, rather than established by formal laws), with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices, for decades.
  • Even in cases in which Jim Crow laws did not expressly forbid black people to participate in, for instance, sports or recreation, the laws shaped a segregated culture.
  • Woodrow Wilson, a southern Democrat and the first southern-born president of the post-Civil War period, appointed southerners to his Cabinet.
  • Jim Crow laws established "separate but equal" facilities.

• Second-Wave Feminism

  • Second Wave Feminsm emerged in response to women's continuing social and economic subordination in post-World War II America.
  • Whereas first-wave feminism focused mainly on overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (i.e. voting rights, property rights), second-wave feminism broadened the debate to a wide range of issues: sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
  • Second-wave Feminism radically changed the face of western culture, leading to marital rape laws, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, significant changes in custody and divorce law, and widespread integration of women into sports activities and the workplace.
  • The second wave of feminism in North America came as a response to the experiences of women after World War II: the late 1940s post-war boom, which was an era characterized by an unprecedented economic growth, a baby boom, and a move to the suburbs encouraged companion marriages.
  • By the early 1980s, it was largely perceived that women had met their goals and succeeded in changing social attitudes towards gender roles, repealing oppressive laws that were based on sex, integrating the "boys' clubs" such as Military academies, the United States armed forces, NASA, single-sex colleges, men's clubs, and the Supreme Court, and illegalizing gender discrimination.

• The Spread of Segregation

  • They argued that voting rights were essential for African-Americans in the post-war south to prevent racist white southerners from regaining political control of southern states and exercising undue power in Congress.
  • Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination.
  • When the laws of racial segregation were enacted at the end of the 19th century, they became known as Jim Crow laws.
  • Summarize the voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws implemented during Reconstruction.

• The Women's Rights Movement

  • By the early 1980s, it was largely perceived that women had met their goals and succeeded in changing social attitudes towards gender roles, repealing oppressive laws that were based on sex, integrating "boys' clubs" such as military academies, the United States Armed Forces, NASA, single-sex colleges, men's clubs, and the Supreme Court, and by accomplishing the goal of making gender discrimination illegal.
  • Whereas first-wave feminism focused mainly on suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (i.e. voting rights, property rights), second-wave feminism broadened the debate to a wide range of issues: sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
  • At a time when mainstream women were making job gains in professions, the military, the media, and sports in large part because of second-wave feminist advocacy, second-wave feminism also focused on a battle against violence with proposals for marital rape laws, establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law.
  • The second wave of feminism in North America came as a delayed reaction against the renewed domesticity of women after World War II: the late 1940s post-war boom, which was an era characterized by an unprecedented economic growth, a baby boom, a move to family-oriented suburbs, and the ideal of companionate marriages.
  • The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of the New Frontier, and named women (such as Esther Peterson) to many high-ranking posts in his administration.

• The Cabinet

  • The current Secretary of State is John Kerry, the 68th person to hold the post.
  • Under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice-President is only valid if declared in writing in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State.
  • The individual is by custom a member of the cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.
  • It is the general provision in administrative law that provides that the Secretary of Defense has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense. " The Secretary of Defense is further designated by the same statute as "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense. " Ensuring civilian control of the military, an individual may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular (i.e., non-reserve) component of an armed force.
  • Because the Office of Secretary of Defense is vested with legal powers which exceeds those of any commissioned officer, and is second only to the Office of President in the military hierarchy, it has sometimes unofficially been referred to as a de facto "deputy commander-in-chief. " The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the President.

• The Legislative Branch

  • Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, and establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
  • Judges and Justies make law everytime they struckdown laws and provide the new precedent for future legislation.
  • The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435.
  • By law, Representatives must be elected from single-member districts by plurality voting.
  • The Vice President of the United States is the ex officio President of the Senate, with authority to preside over the Senate's sessions, although he can vote only to break a tie.

• The New Wave of Feminism

  • In contrast, the second wave of feminism in the 1960s, inspired and galvanized by the civil rights movement of the same era, broadened the debate of women's rights to encompass a wider range of issues, including sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
  • Second-wave feminism radically changed the face of western culture, leading to marital rape laws, the establishment of rape crisis and battered women's shelters, significant changes in custody and divorce law, and widespread integration of women into sports activities and the workplace.
  • In 1963, writer and feminist Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in which she contested the post-World War II belief that it was women’s destiny to marry and bear children.