Examples of emergent properties in the following topics:
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- The periodic table is a means of organizing the various elements according to similar physical and chemical properties.
- Salt (NaCl) is a good example of a compound with emergent properties.
- As elements are bonded together they form compounds that often have new emergent properties that are different from the properties of the individual elements.
- Life is an example of an emergent property that arises from the specific collection of molecules found in cells.
- They also share properties with both the metals and the nonmetals.
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- This also implies that the behavior of a crowd is an emergent property of the people coming together and not a property of the people themselves.
- Convergence theory argues that the behavior of a crowd is not an emergent property of the crowd but is a result of like-minded individuals coming together.
- It argues that people come together with specific expectations and norms, but in the interactions that follow the development of the crowd, new expectations and norms can emerge, allowing for behavior that normally would not take place.
- Gatherings also exhibit dispersing processes that end the gatherings. [2] Sometimes these are emergency dispersal, as when authorities arrive and try to end the gathering.
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- In cases where it is technically possible to transfer a property right but illegal, a "black market" may emerge.
- Property rights can also be enforced by implicit social institutions.
- The property rights to "material things" are more obvious and clear cut than intellectual property rights.
- hen private property rights are exclusive, all the costs and benefits of an alternative are exclusive to the person(s) engaged in the exercise of the property right.
- These goods are called "common property resources."
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- In the Marxist perspective, social stratification is created by unequal property relations, or unequal access to the means of production.
- In Marx's view, social stratification is created by people's differing relationship to the means of production: either they own productive property or they labor for others.
- These relations of production—employer-employee relations, the technical division of labor, and property relations—form the base of society or, in Marxist terms, the substructure.
- From this material substructure, the superstructure emerges.
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- Economists usually focus on the degree that government does not have control over markets (laissez-faire economics), and on property rights.
- Most political economists emphasize private property, power relations, wage labor, class and capitalism's as a unique historical formation.
- The differing extents to which different markets are free, as well as the rules defining private property, are a matter of politics and policy, and many states have what are termed mixed economies.
- A number of political ideologies have emerged in support of various types of capitalism, the most prominent being economic liberalism.
- Hernando de Soto is a contemporary economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded.
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- Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and transformation of matter.
- Chemistry is also the study of matter's composition, structure, and properties.
- A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece when Aristotle defined the four elements of fire, air, earth, and water.
- Physical chemistry is the study of the physical properties of chemicals.
- Chemistry is the study of the properties, composition, and transformation of matter.
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- White men without property, almost all women, and all other people of color were denied the right to vote.
- Jackson's supporters began to form the modern Democratic Party and fought against their rival Adams and Anti-Jacksonian factions, which soon emerged as the Whigs.
- By 1850, nearly all voting requirements to own property or pay taxes had been dropped.
- Indeed, race replaced property qualifications as the criterion for voting rights.
- At the same time, convention delegates relaxed religious and property qualifications for whites.
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- During the Gilded Age, new labor unions, which used a wide variety of tactics, emerged.
- An especially violent strike came during the economic depression of the 1870s, as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, lasted 45 days and resulted in damages to railroad property.
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- He based his study on two laws about chemical reactions that emerged (without referring to the notion of an atomic theory) in the late 18th century.
- Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
- Atoms can be broken down into smaller pieces, and atoms of a given element can vary in mass and other properties (see isotopes and ions).
- Knowing that a gas is composed of small atomic and molecular particles, it is natural to try to explain properties of the gas from a microscopic point of view.
- This effort led to the development of the kinetic theory of gases, where macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, and volume, are explained by considering their molecular composition and motion.
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- One of the strongest arguments for trade protectionism is unfair competition emerging due to differences in policy and enforcement ability.
- One of the strongest arguments for some degree of trade protectionism is the tendency for unfair competition to emerge, particularly in developing markets without the infrastructure to monitor their businesses and enforce penalties.
- Offsetting this threat has been an ongoing struggle, with the emergence of international trade agreements and organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) playing an increasingly large role.
- Another critical risk in the global market is intellectual property (IP) protection.
- Another unfair competition threat is the emergence of global monopolies.