diabetes mellitus

Examples of diabetes mellitus in the following topics:

• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetes mellitus type 1 results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas and is potentially fatal.
  • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, T1DM, formerly insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
  • Eventually, type 1 diabetes is fatal unless treated with insulin.
  • Type 1 diabetes is not currently preventable.
  • Untreated type 1 diabetes commonly leads to coma, often from diabetic ketoacidosis, which is fatal if untreated.

• Urinary Incontinence

  • One of the symptoms of urinary incontinence is polyuria (excessive urine production) which in turn is caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
  • Polyuria (excessive urine production) of which, in turn, the most frequent causes are: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

• Insulin Secretion and Regulation of Glucagon

  • When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus can result.
  • As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus.
  • Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally.
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant and, because of such resistance, they may suffer from a relative insulin deficiency.
  • Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately.

• Metabolic Changes

  • Protein and carbohydrate metabolism are affected during pregnancy and maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • Maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during the third trimester).
  • Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function properly.
  • Gestational diabetes generally has few symptoms and it is most commonly diagnosed by screening during pregnancy.

• Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions

  • Prominent examples include Coeliac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM), Sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and allergies.
  • HLA DR4 is correlated with the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and pemphigus vulgaris.
  • The contributions of genes outside the MHC complex remain the subject of research both in animal models of disease (Linda Wicker's extensive genetic studies of diabetes in the NOD mouse), and in patients (Brian Kotzin's linkage analysis of susceptibility to SLE).
  • A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women, include: ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Wegener's granulomatosis, Crohn's disease, Primary sclerosing cholangitis and psoriasis.

• The Roles of Genetics and Gender in Autoimmune Disease

  • Prominent examples include Coeliac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM), Sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and allergies.
  • HLA DR4 is correlated with the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and pemphigus vulgaris.
  • The contributions of genes outside the MHC complex remain the subject of research, in animal models of disease (Linda Wicker's extensive genetic studies of diabetes in the NOD mouse), and in patients (Brian Kotzin's linkage analysis of susceptibility to SLE).
  • A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women, include: ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Crohn's disease.

• Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

  • Impaired insulin function can lead to a condition called diabetes mellitus, which has many effects on the body .
  • Diabetes mellitus can cause a wide range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, lethargy, a frequency in urination, and high levels of glucose in the urine.

• Pancreatic Cancer

  • Diabetes mellitus, or elevated blood sugar levels.
  • Many patients develop diabetes months to even years before they are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, suggesting new onset diabetes in an elderly individual may be an early warning sign.
  • Diabetes mellitus is both a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and as noted earlier, new onset diabetes can be an early sign of the disease.

• Fluids and Aging

  • Type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common among young people, particularly those who are overweight.
  • Although diabetic nephropathy is generally more common among older diabetics, occurring 10 - 20 years after onset of diabetes, half of all Pima Indians with Type 2 diabetes have developed diabetic nephropathy by age 20.
  • Chronic conditions that can produce nephropathy include systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure (hypertension), which lead to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy, respectively.

• Pancreatic Islet Disorders: Diabetes and Hyperinsulinism

  • The most common forms of hypoglycemia occur as a complication of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin or oral medications.
  • Hypoglycemia is less common in non-diabetic persons, but can occur at any age.