demographic transition theory

Examples of demographic transition theory in the following topics:

• Demographic Transition Theory

  • Demographic transition theory outlines five stages of change in birth and death rates to predict the growth of populations.
  • Demographic transition theory (Caldwell and Caldwell 2006) suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four- or five-stage model.
  • It is important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values; not just because of the availability of contraceptives.
  • Many countries such as China, Brazil and Thailand have passed through the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) very quickly due to fast social and economic change.
  • Break down the demographic transition model/theory into five recognizable stages based on how countries reach industrialization

• The Demographic Transition

  • The demographic transition is a model and theory describing the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates that occurs as part of the economic development of a country.
  • The transition from high rates to low rates is referred to as the demographic transition.
  • The beginning of the demographic transition in a society is indicated when death rates drop without a corresponding fall in birth rates (usually the result of improved sanitation and advances in healthcare).
  • Countries in the second stage of the demographic transition (see diagram) experience a large increase in population.
  • While there are several theories that attempt to explain why this occurs (e.g., Becker and Caldwell, who view children as economic commodities), why birth rates decline in post-industrial societies is still being evaluated.

• Population Trends

  • Most European nations are examples of countries at the end of the demographic transition: both birth and death rates are low, so populations are static or shrinking.
  • The demographic transition helps explain the differences between countries.
  • The demographic transition refers to the shift from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates; this occurs as part of the economic development of a country.
  • Others argue that economic development is the best way to reduce population growth because economic development can spur demographic transitions that lead to reduced fertility rates.
  • This model illustrates the demographic transition, as birth and death rates rise and fall but eventually reach equilibrium.

• Transition State Theory

  • Transition state theory (TST) describes a hypothetical "transition state" that occurs in the space between the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction.
  • TST is also referred to as "activated-complex theory," "absolute-rate theory," and "theory of absolute reaction rates."
  • According to transition state theory, between the state in which molecules exist as reactants and the state in which they exist as products, there is an intermediate state known as the transition state.
  • However, according to transition state theory, a successful collision will not necessarily lead to product formation, but only to the formation of the activated complex.
  • Transition state theory is most useful in the field of biochemistry, where it is often used to model reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the body.

• Physical Properties and Atomic Size

  • Color in transition-series metal compounds is generally due to electronic transitions of two principal types: charge-transfer transitions and d-d transitions.
  • The pattern of splitting of the d orbitals can be calculated using crystal field theory.
  • Some d-d transitions are spin forbidden.
  • Ferromagnetism is the physical theory which explains how materials become magnets.
  • Recognize the significance of atomic size and electronic transitions in transition metals.

• The Nineteenth Century

  • One unifying part of their theories was the labor theory of value, contrasting to value deriving from a general equilibrium of supply and demand.
  • They wondered about the population growth because the demographic transition had begun in Great Britain at that time.
  • The theory argued for government action to mitigate unemployment and economic downturns.
  • The Cambridge school appeared with Jevons' Theory of Political Economy in 1871.
  • They developed the theory of capital and tried to explain the presence of economic crises.

• Why study demography?

  • Before proposing complex theories to explain sociological phenomena (e.g., World Systems Theory), especially at the macro and/or societal levels, sociologists should first turn to demographic indicators for possible explanations.
  • Demographic analysis is a powerful tool that can explain a number of sociological phenomena.
  • In this fashion, demographic indicators are often informative in explaining world events and should be turned to first as explanations.

• Natural Cycles

  • Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.
  • In fact, the early theory of Sima Qian, a Chinese historiographer of the Han Dynasty and typically considered to be the father of Chinese historiography, the more recent theories of long-term ("secular") political-demographic cycles as well as the Varnic theory of P.R.
  • Sociological cycle theory was also developed by Pitirim A.
  • The presence of political-demographic cycles in the pre-modern history of Europe and China , and in chiefdom level societies worldwide has been known for quite a long time, and already in the 1980s more or less developed mathematical models of demographic cycles started to be produced.
  • Examine the change in social cycle theories throughout history, ranging from ideas of "life cycles" to political-demographic cycles

• Coloring Agents

  • This approach is described by the ligand field theory (LFT) and the molecular orbital theory (MO).
  • Ligand field theory, introduced in 1935 and built from molecular orbital theory, can handle a broader range of complexes.
  • Metal complexes often have spectacular colors caused by electronic transitions due to the absorption of light.
  • Most transitions that are related to colored metal complexes are either d–d transitions or charge transfer bands.
  • In a d–d transition, an electron in a d orbital on the metal is excited by a photon to another d orbital of higher energy.

• The Neolithic Revolution

  • There are several competing (but not mutually exclusive) theories as to the factors that drove populations to take up agriculture.
  • The Oasis Theory, originally proposed by Raphael Pumpelly in 1908, and popularized by V.
  • However, this theory has little support amongst archaeologists today because subsequent climate data suggests that the region was getting wetter rather than drier.
  • The Demographic theories proposed by Carl Sauer and adapted by Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery posit that an increasingly sedentary population outgrew the resources in the local environment and required more food than could be gathered.
  • The Evolutionary/Intentionality theory, developed by David Rindos and others, views agriculture as an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans.