Counter-Reformation

Examples of Counter-Reformation in the following topics:

• Mannerism and the Counter-Reformation

  • These decrees included short passages concerning religious images that had significant impact on the development of Catholic art during the Counter-Reformation.
  • The reforms that resulted from this council are what set the basis for Counter-Reformation art.
  • The Last Judgment was an object of dispute between critics within the Catholic Counter-Reformation and those who appreciated the genius of the artist and the Mannerist style of the painting.
  • Scipione Pulzone's Lamentation, a pious depiction of the Crucifixion, embodied a typical Counter-Reformation work.
  • Distinguish the artistic ideal of the Counter-Reformation from Mannerism and the art of the Reformation in Northern Europe

• The Church During the Italian Renaissance

  • Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament.
  • The 95 Theses led to the Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe.
  • The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).
  • The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements, ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurations, new religious orders (such as the Jesuits), spiritual movements, and political reform.
  • One primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert areas such as Sweden and England that were at one time Catholic, but had been Protestantized during the Reformation.

• Spanish Painting in the Baroque Period

  • Spanish art, particularly that of Morales, contained a strong mark of mysticism and religion that was encouraged by the Counter-Reformation and the patronage of Spain's strongly Catholic monarchs and aristocracy.
  • The religious element in Spanish art, in many circles, grew in importance with the Counter-Reformation.
  • Philip IV actively patronized artists who agreed with his views on the Counter-Reformation and religion.
  • The Birth of the Virgin, by Francisco de Zurbarán, demonstrates the religious themes, particular the devotion to the Virgin Mary, that pervaded Counter-Reformation Spanish artwork.

• Defining the Baroque Period

  • The most important factors during the Baroque era were the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, with the development of the Baroque style considered to be linked closely with the Catholic Church.
  • The popularity of the style was in fact encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes and direct emotional involvement in response to the Protestant Reformation.

• Erasmus

  • Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation.
  • Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing European religious Reformation, but while he was critical of the abuses within the Catholic Church and called for reform, he kept his distance from Luther and Melanchthon and continued to recognise the authority of the pope, emphasizing a middle way with a deep respect for traditional faith, piety and grace, rejecting Luther's emphasis on faith alone.
  • Erasmus remained a member of the Roman Catholic Church all his life, remaining committed to reforming the Church and its clerics' abuses from within.
  • He also held to the Catholic doctrine of free will, which some Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.
  • His residence at Leuven, where he lectured at the University, exposed Erasmus to much criticism from those ascetics, academics and clerics hostile to the principles of literary and religious reform and the loose norms of the Renaissance adherents to which he was devoting his life.

• Discontent with the Roman Catholic Church

  • The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants.
  • The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by other early Protestant Reformers in Europe in the 16th century.
  • The Reformation led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.
  • The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent and spearheaded by the new order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) specifically organized to counter the Protestant movement.
  • His death led to a radicalization of the Bohemian Reformation and to the Hussite Wars in the Crown of Bohemia.

• Introduction

  • It is also interesting to note that social movements can spawn counter movements.
  • For instance, the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a number of counter movements that attempted to block the goals of the women's movement, many of which were reform movements within conservative religions.

• Educational Reform in the U.S.

  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Over the years, education reform has focused on different goals.
  • In general, OBE reforms attempt to increase accountability in education.
  • A central issue for educational reform advocates today is school choice.

• Empress Maria-Theresa

  • However, these financial reforms greatly improved the economy.
  • It was later reintroduced, but the progressive nature of these reforms remains noted.
  • Maria Theresa invested in reforms that advanced what today would be defined as the public health.
  • Maria Theresa banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs.
  • Education reform was met with much hostility.

• Social Movements

  • It is interesting to note that social movements can spawn counter movements.
  • For instance, the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a number of counter movements that attempted to block the goals of the women's movement.
  • In large part, these oppositional groups formed because the women's movement advocated for reform in conservative religions.