chondroitin sulfate

Examples of chondroitin sulfate in the following topics:

• Structure, Type, and Location of Cartilage

  • The base substance of cartilage is chondroitin sulfate, and the microarchitecture is substantially less organized than in bone.

• Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction

  • Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
  • Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
  • All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes.
  • Many bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates in order to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria often create problems when metal structures are exposed to sulfate-containing water.

• The Sulfur Cycle

  • Plants and microbes assimilate sulfate and convert it into organic forms.
  • Lots of bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
  • By contrast, the sulfate-reducing bacteria considered here reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste.
  • This process is known as dissimilatory sulfate reduction.
  • In a sense, they breathe sulfate.

• Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration

  • Instead, molecules such as sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors.
  • Sulfate reduction uses sulfate (SO2−4) as the electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic end product.
  • Sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process, and is used by many Gram negative bacteria found within the δ-Proteobacteria.
  • Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans, can use phosphite (HPO3-) as an electron donor.
  • Describe various types of electron acceptors and donors including: nitrate, sulfate, hydrgoen, carbon dioxide and ferric iron

• Ion Separation by Fractional Precipitation

  • To find the solution, consider that the barium sulfate (BaSO4) solubility is given by:
  • This will give you the value that the sulfate ion concentration must reach to precipitate BaSO4.
  • With 0.01 M of Ba2+, barium sulfate will not precipitate until the sulfate ion concentration increases to:
  • The Ksp for strontium sulfate (SrSO4) is 7.6 x 10-7.Strontium sulfate will precipitate when the sulfate concentration is:
  • If the sulfate ion is slowly added to the container containing both the Ba2+ and Sr2+ ions, the barium sulfate will precipitate first.

• Solubility Product Principle and Qualitative Analysis

  • Can either Ba2+ or Sr2+ be precipitated selectively with concentrated sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution?
  • With 0.010 $\frac{moles}{liter} $of Ba2+, precipitation of barium sulfate will not occur until the sulfate ion concentration increases to:
  • This signifies that as the sulfate ion (SO42-) is added to solution and its concentration increases, barium will precipitate first.

• Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

  • Some sulfate-reducing bacteria can reduce hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, and have been used to clean up contaminated soils .
  • During this process, the hydrocarbon methane is oxidized with sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor: CH4 + SO42- → HCO3- + HS- + H2O.
  • It is believed that AOM is mediated by a syntrophic aggregation of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria, although the exact mechanisms of this syntrophic relationship are still poorly understood.
  • Recent investigations have shown that some syntrophic pairings are able to oxidize methane with nitrate instead of sulfate.

• Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex

  • Initial interactions occur when viral envelope glycoprotein C (gC) binds to a cell surface particle called heparan sulfate.
  • These include herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate.

• The Sulfur Cycle

  • Terrestrial ecosystems can then make use of these soil sulfates (SO42−).
  • This sulfur then supports marine ecosystems in the form of sulfates.
  • Weathering of rocks also makes sulfates available to terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Decomposition of living organisms returns sulfates to the ocean, soil, and atmosphere.

• Archaeoglobus

  • Archaeoglobus are sulfate-reducing archaea, coupling the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with the oxidation of many different organic carbon sources, including complex polymers.
  • Archaeoglobus are lithotrophs, and can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.The archaeoglobus strain A. lithotrophicus are lithoautotrophs, and derive their energy from hydrogen, sulfate and carbon dioxide.