canonical form

Examples of canonical form in the following topics:

• Resonance

  • This averaging of electron distribution over two or more hypothetical contributing structures (canonical forms) to produce a hybrid electronic structure is called resonance.
  • These are the canonical forms to be considered, and all must have the same number of paired and unpaired electrons.
  • Consequently, if one canonical form has a much greater stability than all others, the hybrid will closely resemble it electronically and energetically.
  • In each case the most stable canonical form is on the left.
  • A similar destabilizing factor is present in the two azide canonical forms on the top row of the bracket (three bonds vs. four bonds in the left most structure).

• Introduction to Packaging

  • The canonical form for distribution of free software is as source code.
  • This is true regardless of whether the software normally runs in source form (i.e., can be interpreted, like Perl, Python, PHP, etc.) or needs to be compiled first (like C, C++, Java, etc.).

• Simplifying Matrices With Row Operations

  • Using elementary operations, Gaussian elimination reduces matrices to row echelon form.
  • Upper triangle form: A square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.
  • Use elementary row operations on the augmented matrix $[A|b]$ to transform $A$ to upper triangle form.
  • It is now in reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form.  
  • Use elementary row operations to put a matrix in simplified form

• Marble Sculpture and Architecture in the Greek Early Classical Period

  • He is most renowned for his treatise on the male nude, known as the Canon, which describes the ideal, aesthetic body based on mathematical proportions and Classical conventions such as contrapposto.
  • His Doryphoros, or Spear Bearer, is believed to be his representation of the Canon in sculpted form.
  • The statue, as a visualization of Polykletios's canon, also depicts the Greek sense of symmetria, the harmony of parts, seen here in the body's proportions.
  • Polykleitos's Doryphoros, or Spear Bearer, is believed to be his representation of the Canon in sculpted form.

• Sculpture in the Greek High Classical Period

  • He was also an art theorist who developed a canon of proportion (called the Canon) that is demonstrated in his statue of Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) Many of Polykleitos's bronze statues from the Classical period, including the Doryphoros, survive only as Roman copies executed in marble.
  • Another example of the Canon at work is seen in Polykleitos's statue of Diadumenos, a youth trying on a headband and his statue Discophoros, a discus bearer.
  • The nudity allows the harmony of parts, or symmetria, to easily be seen, illustrating the principles discussed in the Canon.
  • The Canon focused on the proportion of parts of the body in relationship to each other to create the ideal male form.
  • The Discophoros and Diadumenos, along with the Doryphoros, demonstrate the flexibility of composition based on the Canon and the innate liveliness produced by contrapposto postures.

• The Justinian Code

  • The Corpus forms the basis of Latin jurisprudence (including ecclesiastical Canon Law) and, for historians, provides a valuable insight into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire.
  • It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the Basilika of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise.
  • The provisions of the Corpus Juris Civilis also influenced the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church: it was said that ecclesia vivit lege romana — the church lives by Roman law.

• Some Useful Terms

  • Canon - In a canon, different voices (or instruments) sing (or play) the same melody, with no changes, but at different times.
  • The melody is usually sung at the same pitch or an octave higher or lower, but there are also canons in which the second part sings or plays the melody a perfect fourth or fifth higher or lower than the first part.
  • Round - In a canon, obviously every section of the canon must "fit" with the section that comes after it.
  • A round is a special type of canon in which the last section also fits with the first section, so that the canon can be repeated over and over without stopping.
  • The different voices enter at different times on the same melodic theme (called the subject), so that the beginning may sound like a canon.

• Context of Creation

  • The canon of art history, however, has historically conveyed the political, religious, and philosophical ideals of the dominant power.
  • Art history is the academic study of art objects in their historical development and stylistic contexts (i.e., genre, design, form, and style).
  • These factors produce and influence different artistic styles and iconography, which are characteristic of their age and geographical location with reference to visual appearance, technique, and form.

• History of Public Speaking

  • Plato (429-347 BCE) wrote about rhetoric in the form of dialogues with Socrates as the main character.
  • His works include the early and very influential De Inventione (On Invention), often read alongside the Ad Herennium as the two basic texts of rhetorical theory (throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance); De Oratore (a fuller statement of rhetorical principles in dialogue form); and Topics (a rhetorical treatment of common topics, highly influential through the Renaissance).
  • Cicero is most famous in the field of public speaking for creating the five canons of rhetoric, a five-step process for developing a persuasive speech that we still use to teach public speaking today.
  • Petrus Ramus (1515-1572) paid great attention to the idea of style by actually grouping style and delivery of the five canons together.
  • Ramus also argued that invention and arrangement did not fit the canon and should be the focus of logic, not rhetoric.

• Painting under the Yuan Dynasty

  • The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) saw the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified canon of classical Chinese art.
  • In Yuan poetry, qu was the main development, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets.
  • The qu form of poetry consists of words written in one of a number of certain, set tone patterns, based upon the tunes of various songs.
  • Zazu was a form of Chinese drama or opera which provided entertainment through a synthesis of recitations of prose and poetry, dance, singing, and mime, with a certain emphasis on comedy or happy endings.One of the key factors in the common zaju variety shows was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form.