Battle of Lens

Examples of Battle of Lens in the following topics:

• Swedish-French Intervention

  • Bernhard's victory in the Battle of Compiègne pushed the Habsburg armies back towards the borders of France.
  • The two Swedish armies combined and confronted the imperialists at the Battle of Wittstock.
  • After the battle of Wittstock, the Swedish army regained the initiative in the German campaign.
  • In 1648, the Swedes (commanded by Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel) and the French (led by Turenne and Condé) defeated the Imperial army at the Battle of Zusmarshausen and the Spanish at Lens.
  • The Battle of Prague in 1648 became the last action of the Thirty Years' War.

• The Lensmaker's Equation

  • The reciprocal of the focal length, 1/f, is the optical of the lens.
  • Diagram of a positive (converging) lens.
  • The lensmaker's formula relates the radii of curvature, the index of refraction of the lens, the thickness of the lens, and the focal length.
  • Diagram of a negative (diverging) lens.
  • The lensmaker's formula relates the radii of curvature, the index of refraction of the lens, the thickness of the lens, and the focal length.

• The Compound Microscope

  • A compound microscope is made of two convex lenses; the first, the ocular lens, is close to the eye, and the second is the objective lens.
  • It is made of two convex lenses: the first, the ocular lens, is close to the eye; the second is the objective lens.
  • The objective lens creates an enlarged image of the object, which then acts as the object for the second lens.
  • The distance between the objective lens and the ocular lens is slightly shorter than the focal length of the ocular lens, fe.
  • Since each lens produces a magnification that multiplies the height of the image, the total magnification is a product of the individual magnifications.

• Refraction Through Lenses

  • The word lens derives from the Latin word for lentil bean—the shape of which is similar to that of the convex lens (as shown in ).
  • The power P of a lens is defined as the inverse of its focal length.
  • shows the effect of a concave lens on rays of light entering it parallel to its axis (the path taken by ray 2 in the figure is the axis of the lens).
  • The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is again called the focal length f of the lens.
  • Compare the effect of a convex lens and a concave lens on the light rays

• Thin Lenses and Ray Tracing

  • Another way of saying this is that the lens thickness is much much smaller than the focal length of the lens.
  • The treatment of a lens as a thin lens is known as the "thin lens approximation. "
  • The focal length f of a diverging lens is negative.
  • (Ray 2 lies on the axis of the lens. ) The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is the lens's focal length f.
  • Describe properties of a thin lens and the purpose of ray tracing

• The Thin Lens Equation and Magnification

  • How does a lens form an image of an object?
  • A ray entering a converging lens parallel to its axis passes through the focal point F of the lens on the other side.
  • The three rays cross at the same point on the other side of the lens.
  • We define do as the object distance—the distance of an object from the center of a lens.
  • Image distance diis defined as the distance of the image from the center of a lens.

• Aberrations

  • An aberration, or distortion, is a failure of rays to converge at one focus because of limitations or defects in a lens or mirror.
  • An aberration is the failure of rays to converge at one focus because of limitations or defects in a lens or mirror.
  • Types of aberrations vary due to the size, material composition, or thickness of a lens, or the position of an object.
  • Different parts of a lens of a mirror do not refract or reflect the image to the same point, as shown in .
  • Spherical aberrations are a form of aberration where rays converging from the outer edges of a lens converge to a focus closer to the lens, and rays closer to the axis focus further.

• Combinations of Lenses

  • A compound lens is an array of simple lenses with a common axis.
  • In contrast to a simple lens, which consists of only one optical element, a compound lens is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a common axis.
  • Since 1/f is the power of a lens, it can be seen that the powers of thin lenses in contact are additive.
  • An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration.
  • In the most common type (shown in ), the positive power of the crown lens element is not quite equaled by the negative power of the flint lens element.

• The Magnifying Glass

  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object being observed.
  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object under observation.
  • This type of glass would be sold as a 2x magnifier, but a typical observer would see about one to two times magnification depending on the lens position.
  • The earliest evidence of a magnifying device was Aristophanes's "lens" from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water.
  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object under observation.

• Development of Vision

  • The epithelium thickens to form the lens placode.
  • The lens differentiates and invaginates until it pinches off from the epithelium.
  • The lens acts as an inducer back to the optic vesicle to transform it into the optic cup and back to the epidermis to transform it into the cornea.
  • The lens placode is affected by the chordamesoderm making it invaginate and form the optic cup composed by an outer layer of neural retina and inner layer of pigmented retina that will unite and form the optic stalk .
  • Some cells in the lens vesicle will be fated to form the cornea and the lens vesicle will develop completely to form the definitive lens.