atheromatous plaques

Examples of atheromatous plaques in the following topics:

• Coronary Artery Disease

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) describes the accumulation of atheromatous or fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries.
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD; also atherosclerotic heart disease) is the result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) with oxygen and nutrients.
  • After decades of progression, some of these atheromatous plaques may rupture and (along with the activation of the blood clotting system) start limiting blood flow to the heart muscle.
  • Many other more effective treatments, especially of the underlying atheromatous disease, have been developed.

• Regulation of Blood Cholesterol Levels

  • These cells often become trapped in the walls of blood vessels and contribute to artherosclerotic plaque formation.
  • These plaques are the main causes of heart attacks, strokes, and other serious medical problems, leading to the association of so-called LDL cholesterol (actually a lipoprotein) with "bad" cholesterol.
  • In contrast, having small numbers of large HDL particles is independently associated with atheromatous disease progression within the arteries.

• Tooth and Gum Infections

  • Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-colored mass called plaque, which serves as a biofilm.
  • Some sites collect plaque more commonly than others.
  • Plaque may also collect above or below the gingiva where it is referred to as supra- or sub-gingival plaque respectively.
  • A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense system.
  • Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the teeth.

• Desmosomes

  • On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, there are two dense structures called the Outer Dense Plaque (ODP) and the Inner Dense Plaque (IDP).
  • The Outer Dense Plaque is where the cytoplasmic domains of the cadherins attach to desmoplakin via plakoglobin and plakophillin.
  • The Inner Dense Plaque is where desmoplakin attaches to the keratin filaments inside the cell.

• Benin

  • Many famous Benin brass plaques incorporated European designs, while others illustrated the relationship between the Benin and the Portuguese .
  • Over three thousand brass plaques were seized, and are now held in museums around the world.
  • The background portrays the floral pattern that is characteristic of plaques made at this time, and is reflective of Portuguese influence.
  • The image in the plaque consists of an Oba (king) surrounded by his subjects.
  • Apart from military and political strength, the plaque illustrates the relationship between the Portuguese and the Benin traders.

• Periodontal Disease

  • Plaque-induced inflammatory lesions make up the vast majority of periodontal diseases, which are divided into peridontitis or gingivitis.
  • The primary cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene which leads to the accumulation of bacterial matrix at the gum line, called dental plaque.
  • If left undisturbed, microbic plaque calcifies to form calculus, which is commonly called tartar.
  • Although the primary cause of both gingivitis and periodontitis is the microbic plaque that adheres to the tooth surface, there are many other modifying factors.
  • Brushing teeth properly at least twice daily, with the patient attempting to direct the toothbrush bristles underneath the gum-line, to help disrupt the bacterial-mycotic growth and formation of subgingival plaque.

• The Benin Bronzes

  • The Benin Bronzes are a collection of more than 3,000 brass plaques from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin, located in what is now Nigeria.
  • The Benin Bronzes are a collection of more than 3,000 brass plaques and sculptures from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin, located in present day Nigeria.
  • Collectively, the plaques form the best known examples of Benin art created by the Edo people from the 13th century; other forms of Benin art consist of additional sculptures in brass or bronze, including some famous portrait heads and smaller pieces.
  • At the end of the 19th century, most of the plaques and other objects were removed by the British during the Punitive Expedition of 1897 as imperial control was being consolidated in Southern Nigeria.
  • Most of the plaques portray static figures either alone, in pairs, or in small groups arranged hierarchically around a central figure.

• Psoriasis

  • The most common form, plaque psoriasis, is commonly seen as red and white colored scaly patches appearing on the top first layer of the skin.
  • Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows and knees, but can affect any area, including the back, scalp, palms of hands and soles of feet, and genitals.
  • Plaques on hands and feet can prevent individuals from working at certain occupations, playing some sports, and caring for family members or a home.

• Hemidesmosomes

  • The HD comprises two rivet-like plaques (the inner and outer plaques).
  • An example configuration of a hemidesmosome might consist of cytosolic keratin, non-covalently bonded to a cytosolic plectin plaque, which is bonded to a single-pass transmembrane adhesion molecule such as the α6β4 integrin.
  • Thin, extracellular, electron-dense lines, parallel to the plasma membrane, subjacent to the outer plaque are visible in one third of HDs and are termed sub-basal dense plates (SBDPs).

• Ile-Ife and Benin Sculpture

  • The Benin Empire was known for its many works of art, including religious objects, ceremonial weapons, masks, animal heads, figurines, busts and plaques.
  • Over three thousand brass plaques were seized and are now held in museums around the world.
  • The background portrays the floral pattern that is characteristic of plaques made at this time and is reflective of Portuguese influence.
  • The image in the plaque consists of an Oba (king) surrounded by his subjects.
  • Apart from military and political strength, the plaque illustrates the relationship between the Portuguese and the Benin traders. 16th century.