adduction

Examples of adduction in the following topics:

• Complete Antigens and Haptens

  • When haptens and carriers combine, the resulting molecule is called an adduct, which the combination of two or more molecules.
  • Other haptens, such as floursecein, are used to detect proteins that they form adducts with, which makes them a common part of molecular biology lab techniques.
  • A complete antigen is essentially a hapten-carrier adduct.
  • Once the body has generated antibodies to a hapten-carrier adduct, the small-molecule hapten may also be able to bind to the antibody, but it will usually not initiate an immune response; usually, only the hapten-carrier adduct, which is the completed antigen, can do this.
  • Sometimes the small-molecule hapten can even block immune response to the complete antigen by preventing the adduct from binding to the antibody, a process called hapten inhibition.

• Pulled Groin

  • These groin muscles adduct the thigh (bring the femur and knee closer to the midline).
  • This difference in innervation has caused some dispute whether or not the pectineus belongs to this groin and adduction group even though it still adducts the thigh.

• Cycloaddition Reactions

  • In each case the diene reactant is colored blue, and the new σ-bonds in the adduct are colored red.
  • In the first example, the acetoxy substituents on the diene have identical E-configurations, and they remain cis to each other in the cyclic adduct.
  • Likewise, the ester substituents on the dienophile have a trans-configuration which is maintained in the adduct.
  • The reactants in the second equation are both monocyclic, so the cycloaddition adduct has three rings.

• Regioselectivity and Lewis Acid Catalysis

  • Some chemists refer to the isomeric adducts as ortho, meta and para, in reference to similar disubstitution isomers of benzene.
  • As a rule, the C-1 substituted dienes form ortho-adducts predominantly, and C-2 substituted dienes produce para-adducts as the major product.
  • The second example shows the preference for para adducts from C-2 substituted dienes.
  • Despite disubstitution of the diene and the dienophile in this case, the endo adduct is formed with high regioselectivity and yield at a relatively low temperature.
  • The endo adduct is favored under both conditions.

• Chewing Muscles

  • Mastication, or chewing, involves the adduction and lateral motions of the jaw bone.
  • Mastication, or the act of chewing, involves adduction and lateral motion of the jaw bone.

• Metal Cations that Act as Lewis Acids

  • The modern-day definition of a Lewis acid, as given by IUPAC, is a molecular entity—and corresponding chemical species—that is an electron-pair acceptor and therefore able to react with a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct; this is accomplished by sharing the electron pair furnished by the Lewis base.
  • However, metal ions such as Na+, Mg2+, and Ce3+ often form Lewis adducts upon reacting with a Lewis base.

• Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds

  • The trihalides form planar trigonal structures and are Lewis acids because they readily form adducts with electron-pair donors, which are called Lewis bases.
  • All three lighter boron trihalides, BX3 (X = F, Cl, Br), form stable adducts with common Lewis bases.
  • Their relative Lewis acidities can be evaluated in terms of the relative exothermicities of the adduct-forming reaction.
  • In an alternative explanation, the low Lewis acidity for BF3 is attributed to the relative weakness of the bond in the adducts F3B-L.

• Movement at Synovial Joints

  • There are several different types of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
  • Movement of the limbs inward after abduction is an example of adduction.
  • (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of movement.
  • Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions.

• Posterior Muscles

  • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • Actions – Extends, flexes, and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.

• Neck Muscles

  • Actions -Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • Actions – Extends and flexes to control abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • It controls adduction, abduction and rotation of the head, the intermediate region retracts the scapula, and the inferior region rotates and depresses the scapula.
  • Actions – Abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and rotation of the neck depending on intra and inter-muscle contractions.