Complex ion

Examples of Complex ion in the following topics:

• Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility

  • Formation of a complex ion between a metal cation and a ligand can increase salt solubility.
  • A complex ion is an ion comprising one or more ligands attached to a central metal cation with a dative bond.
  • They form complex ions readily when their partially filled d subshell accepts donated electron pairs from other ions or molecules.
  • Examples of complex ions are [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [CoCl4]2-, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, [V(H2O)6]3+.
  • When solutions containing Fe3+ ion and thiocyanate ion are mixed, the deep red thiocyanatoiron (III) ion ([ FeSCN]2+) is formed.

• Metal Cations that Act as Lewis Acids

  • Transition metals can act as Lewis acids by accepting electron pairs from donor Lewis bases to form complex ions.
  • Ligands create a complex when forming coordinate bonds with transition metals ions; the transition metal ion acts as a Lewis acid, and the ligand acts as a Lewis base.
  • The number of coordinate bonds is known as the complex's coordination number.
  • Common ligands include H2O and NH3 ; examples of complexes include the tetrachlorocobaltate(II) ion, [CoCl4]2- and the hexaqua-iron(III) ion, [Fe(H2O)6]3+.
  • The product is known as a complex ion, and the study of these ions is known as coordination chemistry.

• Reactions of Coordination Compounds

  • In chemistry, a coordination or metal complex consists of an atom or ion (usually metallic) and a surrounding array of bound molecules or anions known as ligands or complexing agents.
  • The ions or molecules surrounding the central atom are called ligands.
  • The central atom or ion, together with all ligands, comprise the coordination sphere.
  • The central atoms or ion and the donor atoms comprise the first coordination sphere.
  • Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds.

• The Lithium-Ion Battery

  • Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries, or LIBs) are a family of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge.
  • The ions follow the reverse path when the battery is charging.
  • Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics.
  • The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates, such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate, containing complexes of lithium ions.
  • In a lithium-ion battery, the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode.

• Biomolecules

  • Coordination complexes are found in many biomolecules, especially as essential ingredients for the active site of enzymes.
  • Coordination complexes (also called coordination compounds) and transition metals are widespread in nature.
  • While there are other biologically relevant molecules that also contain metals, coordination complexes contain a central metal ion and are important in many biological processes.
  • The metal ion is usually located in a pocket whose shape fits the substrate.
  • The catalytic cycle produces the bicarbonate ion and the hydrogen ion as the equilibrium favors dissociation of carbonic acid at biological pH values.

• Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

  • As the field changes, ions respond by following complex paths.
  • In the ion source, the sample is vaporized (turned into gas) and ionized into sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
  • The angle at which the ion moves through the fields depends on its mass-to-charge ratio: lighter ions change direction more than heavier ions.
  • The streams of sorted ions pass from the analyzer to the detector, which records the relative abundance of each ion type.
  • The ion signal is processed into a mass spectrum.

• Fragmentation Patterns

  • The fragmentation of molecular ions into an assortment of fragment ions is a mixed blessing.
  • All of the significant fragment ions in this spectrum are even-electron ions.
  • In most alkane spectra the propyl and butyl ions are the most abundant.
  • The first two fragmentation paths lead to even-electron ions, and the elimination (path #3) gives an odd-electron ion.
  • The complexity of fragmentation patterns has led to mass spectra being used as "fingerprints" for identifying compounds.

• Naming Acids and Bases

  • More complex acids have oxygen in the compound.
  • Any polyatomic ion with the suffix "-ate" uses the suffix "-ic" as an acid.
  • When you have a polyatomic ion with one more oxygen than the "-ate" ion, then your acid will have the prefix "per-" and the suffix "-ic."
  • For example, the chlorate ion is ClO3-.
  • Most strong bases contain hydroxide, a polyatomic ion.

• Crystal Field Theory

  • Crystal field theory states that d or f orbital degeneracy can be broken by the electric field produced by ligands, stabilizing the complex.
  • The electrons in the d orbitals of the central metal ion and those in the ligand repel each other due to repulsion between like charges.
  • As a result, if there are any electrons occupying these orbitals, the metal ion is more stable in the ligand field by the amount known as the CFSE.
  • Crystal field stabilization is applicable to the transition-metal complexes of all geometries.
  • Discuss the relationships between ligand binding in a metal complex and the degeneracy of the d orbitals and between the geometry of a metal complex and the splitting of the d orbitals.

• Ion-Dipole Force

  • The ion-dipole force is an intermolecular attraction between an ion and a polar molecule.
  • However, ion-dipole forces involve ions instead of solely polar molecules.
  • Ion-dipole forces are stronger than dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole; the strength of the ion-dipole force is proportionate to ion charge.
  • An ion-induced dipole force occurs when an ion interacts with a non-polar molecule.
  • Ion-dipole forces are generated between polar water molecules and a sodium ion.