cardiac output

Examples of cardiac output in the following topics:

• Blood Pressure

  • The systolic pressure is defined as the peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle; the diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle.
  • The body regulates blood pressure by changes in response to the cardiac output and stroke volume.
  • Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
  • Therefore, cardiac output can be increased by increasing heart rate, as when exercising.
  • However, cardiac output can also be increased by increasing stroke volume, such as if the heart were to contract with greater strength.

• Dead Space: V/Q Mismatch

  • The pulmonary circulation pressure is very low compared to that of the systemic circulation; it is also independent of cardiac output.
  • Recruitment is the process of opening airways that normally remain closed when cardiac output increases.
  • As cardiac output increases, the number of capillaries and arteries that are perfused (filled with blood) increases.

• Other Hormonal Controls for Osmoregulation

  • Defective renin production can cause a continued decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output.

• Muscle Tissues and Nervous Tissues

  • There are three types of muscle in animal bodies: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
  • Smooth muscle tissue is also called non-striated as it lacks the banded appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle .
  • Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
  • An added feature to cardiac muscle cells is a line that extends along the end of the cell as it abuts the next cardiac cell in the row.
  • Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart, where cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure.
  • As with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated; however it is not consciously controlled and so is classified as involuntary.
  • Cardiac muscle can be further differentiated from skeletal muscle by the presence of intercalated discs that control the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues.
  • Cardiac myocytes are shorter than skeletal equivalents and contain only one or two centrally located nuclei.
  • Visible striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle are visible, differentiating them from the more randomised appearance of smooth muscle.

• The Cardiac Cycle

  • The cardiac cycle uses mechanical actions and electrical signals to push blood in and out of the heart.
  • The main purpose of the heart is to pump blood through the body; it does so in a repeating sequence called the cardiac cycle.
  • In each cardiac cycle, the heart contracts (systole), pushing out the blood and pumping it through the body.
  • The pumping of the heart is a function of the cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, that comprise the heart muscle.
  • (a) During cardiac diastole, the heart muscle is relaxed and blood flows into the heart.

• Plant Defenses Against Herbivores

  • Foxgloves produce several deadly chemicals, namely cardiac and steroidal glycosides.
  • Foxgloves produce several deadly chemicals, namely cardiac and steroidal glycosides.

• The Role of the Circulatory System

  • Made of specialized and unique cardiac muscle, it pumps blood throughout the body and to the heart itself.

• Phylum Echinodermata

  • In many species, the large cardiac stomach can be everted and digest food outside the body.
  • Cardiac stomach 9.

• Reproductive Cloning

  • Since Dolly, several animals (e.g. horses, bulls, and goats) have been successfully cloned, although these individuals often exhibit facial, limb, and cardiac abnormalities.