urbanization

Examples of urbanization in the following topics:

• Urban Planning in the Greek High Classical Period

  • Hippodam of Miletus on the Ionian coast (the western coast of modern Turkey) was an architect and urban planner who lived between 498 and 408 BCE.
  • He is considered the "father" of urban planning, and his name is given to the grid layout of city planning, known as the Hippodamian plan.
  • The city is located on a hillside, and the urban plan forces structure onto the natural landscape.
  • In Hippodamus's home city of Miletus, the grid plan would become the model of urban planning followed by the Romans.
  • What is most impressive is a wide central area, which was kept unsettled according to his macro-scale urban estimation and in time evolved to the “Agora”, the center of both the city and the society

• Indus Valley Civilization

  • The Indus Valley Civilization was an urban civilization from 3300-1300 BCE that covered most of present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
  • The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age urban civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE and covered most of present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
  • Inhabitants of the ancient Indus Valley developed new and notable techniques in handicraft, metallurgy, trade and transportation, systems of measurement, and urban planning.
  • The Mature Harappan phase was the cultural high point, a time by which communities had grown into well-functioning, enormous urban centers.
  • There is evidence of urban planning due to the uniformity of size and style of the brickwork, as well as the organization of streets and neighborhoods into grid patterns, much like many current cities.

• Architecture and Urban Planning under the Ming Dynasty

  • Chinese urban planning and architecture under the Ming Dynasty are based on fengshui geomancy and numerology, as seen in the Forbidden City.
  • Chinese urban planning is based on fengshui geomancy and the well-field system of land division, both used since the Neolithic age.
  • Describe how fengshui and numerology influenced the architecture and urban planning of the Ming dynasty, as seen in the capital of Beijing.

• Sculpture

  • Modern sculpture emerged from Western society's attempt to come to terms with urban, industrial and secular society.

• Japanese Art after World War II

  • After World War II, Japanese artists became preoccupied with the mechanisms of urban life and moved from abstraction to anime-influenced art.
  • The arts of the Edo and prewar periods (1603-1945) had been supported by merchants and urban people, but they were not as popular as the arts of the postwar period.
  • After World War II, painters, calligraphers, and printmakers flourished in the big cities—particularly Tokyo—and became preoccupied with the mechanisms of urban life, reflected in the flickering lights, neon colors, and frenetic pace of their abstractions.

• Political Art: Race and Ethnicity in the 1990s

  • The terms "urban art", "guerrilla art", "post-graffiti" and "neo-graffiti" are also sometimes used when referring to artwork created in these contexts .
  • There is a strong current of activism and subversion in urban art.
  • Since its evolution throughout the South Bronx, hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world.
  • It is generally regarded as beginning with a painting movement in 1971 that spawned widespread interest across rural and remote Aboriginal Australia in creating art, while contemporary Indigenous art of a different nature also emerged in urban centres; together they have become central to Australian art.
  • Since its evolution throughout the South Bronx, hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world.

• American Painting: The Ashcan School

  • In America at the beginning of the 20th century, a new generation of painters, writers, and journalists were coming of age who were interested in creating a new style that reflected city life and an American population that was becoming increasingly more urban as the country entered the new century.
  • It was their frequent, although not total, focus upon poverty and the daily realities of urban life that prompted American critics to consider them to be on the fringe of Modern art.

• Palladio

  • This powerful integration of beauty and the physical representation of social meanings is apparent in three major building types: the urban palazzo, the agricultural villa, and the church.
  • In his urban structures, he developed a new improved version of the typical early Renaissance palazzo.
  • Adapting a new urban palazzo type created by Bramante in the House of Raphael, Palladio found a powerful expression of the importance of the owner and his social position.

• Germany and the United States

  • Many early twentieth-century American painters were interested in creating new and more urbane works that reflected city life and a population that was more urban than rural in America as it entered the new century.
  • While some scholars have argued that American Realism was a Neoclassical movement borrowing from ancient classical interpretations of art and architecture, American Realists were less reflective on the antiquities than they were attempting to record the grit and urban life of the early twentieth century in America.

• Roman Society

  • Private housing ranged from elegant urban palaces and country villas for the social elites to crowded insulae (apartment buildings) for the majority of the population.
  • The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task.
  • Aqueducts brought water to urban centers, and wine and oil were imported from Hispania (Spain and Portugal), Gaul (France and Belgium), and Africa.