stacking and piling

Examples of stacking and piling in the following topics:

• Architecture in Mesopotamia

  • Domestic and public architecture in Mesopotamian cultures differed in relative simplicity and complexity.
  • Babylonian architecture featured pilasters and columns, as well as frescoes and enameled tiles.
  • Like pyramids, ziggurats were built by stacking and piling.
  • This impressive height and width would not have been possible without the use of ramps and pulleys.
  • Elsewhere on the gate and its connecting walls were painted floral motifs and bas reliefs of animals that were sacred to Ishtar, the goddess of fertility and war.

• Imperial Sculpture under the Nervan-Antonines

  • Imperial portraiture of men and women in the early- to mid second century reflects increasing austerity and interest in the Greeks.
  • This style matched his personality and interests.
  • Hercules's lion skin is draped over his head and around his shoulders and he often carries a club and sometimes the apples of the Hesperides.
  • The fashionable style among women during the reign of the Flavians had involved hairpieces and wigs to create a stack of curls on the crown of the head.
  • This profile view of Pompeia Plotina shows the long braid worn behind the crown-like pile of hair in the front.

• Drypoint

  • Dentistry tools, nails, and metal files can all be used to produce drypoint prints.
  • Diamond-tipped needles, though expensive, carve easily through any metal and never need sharpening.
  • Too much pressure will flatten the burrs and ruin the image.
  • Ink tends to pile up in the burr when the artist applies the ink and wipes it away with the tarlatan; if the printer wipes in the direction of the lines with his hand, he may remove most of the ink, leaving a light gray line.
  • However, if he wipes perpendicularly to the line, he can actually increase the pile of ink on the side of the line, darkening the line in the printed image.

• English Architecture in the Northern Renaissance

  • Typically, the moldings were more spread out and the foliage became more naturalistic.
  • During this period, the arrival of the chimney stack and enclosed hearths resulted in the decline of the great hall based around an open hearth, which was typical of earlier medieval architecture.
  • Tudor chimney-pieces were made large and elaborate to draw attention to the owner's adoption of this new technology, and the jetty appeared as a way to show off the modernity of having a complete , full-length upper floor.
  • The houses and buildings of ordinary people were typically timber-framed, the frame usually filled with wattle and daub but occasionally with brick.
  • Describe the key elements of the Tudor architectural style, including the Tudor arch, oriel windows, and the chimney stack.

• Mughal Dynasty

  • The Mughal emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur.
  • On each of these sides, a huge pishtaq, or vaulted archway, frames the iwan with two similarly shaped, arched balconies stacked on either side.
  • This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas, making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building.
  • The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial, which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements.
  • Subjects are rich in variety and include portraits, events, and scenes from court life, including wildlife, hunting scenes, and illustrations of battles .

• Art of the Igbo

  • These customs and traditions include the Igbo people's visual art, music, and dance forms, as well as their attire, cuisine, and language dialects.
  • Everyday houses were made of mud and thatched roofs with bare earth floors and carved design doors.
  • The first base section was 60 feet in circumference and 3 feet in height; the next stack was 45 feet in circumference.
  • Circular stacks continue until they reached the top.
  • Describe the instruments and masks of Igbo performing arts and the origins of the Igbo language and ideogaphic script

• Rituals

  • Physical preservation of these monuments would damage the spiritual and cultural integrity of both this process and its purpose.
  • With the founding of museums and scholarly studies of various cultures and religions, and the growth of anthropology and archaeology as disciplines, private collectors, museums, and universities competed to acquire artifacts.
  • Many cultural and religious communities, including Native Americans, insisted these were cultural and ancestral assets, but nonetheless saw them sold and placed behind glass.
  • For example, when books are piled on top of a Qur'an in a museum display the spiritual integrity is compromised or destroyed completely, leaving the physical object devoid of cultural meaning .
  • Compare and contrast the non-preservation of ritual and cultural art as perceived by Native American, Buddhist, and Islamic culture.

• Watercolor

  • The medium is well suited to small format paintings and has a luminous quality due to its relative transparency and the absence of fillers obscuring the pigments .
  • However, Botanical illustrations and those depicting wildlife are perhaps the oldest and most important tradition in watercolor painting.
  • Botanical artists have always been among the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today watercolors, with their unique ability to summarize, clarify and idealize in full color, are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications.
  • Cold pressed papers are dried in large stacks between absorbent felt blankets to flatten them.
  • Dry brush painting uses little water and lets the brush run across the top ridges of the paper, resulting in a broken line of color and lots of visual texture.

• Roman Architecture under the Republic

  • Roman architecture relies heavily on the use of concrete and the arch to create unique interior spaces and architectural forms.
  • Roman temples were typically made of brick and concrete and then faced in either marble or stucco.
  • Its original roof and architrave are now lost.
  • Arches and vaults can be stacked and intersected with each other in a multitude of ways.
  • From top to bottom: Doric and Tuscan, Ionic and Roman Ionic (scrolls on all four corners), Corinthian and Composite.