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Willow

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Willow
Salix × sepulcralis - weeping willow
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Salix L.
Species

About 350, including:
Salix acutifolia - violet willow
Salix alaxensis - Alaska willow
Salix alba - white willow
Salix alpina - alpine willow
Salix amygdaloides - peachleaf willow
Salix arbuscula - mountain willow
Salix arbusculoides - littletree willow
Salix arctica - arctic willow
Salix atrocinerea
Salix aurita - eared willow
Salix babylonica - Peking willow
Salix bakko
Salix barrattiana - Barratt's willow
Salix bebbiana - beaked willow
Salix boothii - Booth willow
Salix bouffordii
Salix brachycarpa - barren-ground willow
Salix cacuminis
Salix canariensis
Salix candida - sage willow
Salix caprea - goat willow
Salix caroliniana - coastal plain willow
Salix chaenomeloides
Salix chilensis
Salix cinerea - grey sallow
Salix cordata
Salix daphnoides
Salix delnortensis
Salix discolor - pussy willow
Salix eastwoodiae - Eastwood's willow
Salix eleagnos
Salix eriocarpa
Salix eriocephala - heartleaf willow
Salix excelsa
Salix exigua - sandbar willow
Salix foetida
Salix fragilis - crack willow
Salix futura
Salix geyeriana
Salix gilgiana
Salix glauca
Salix gooddingii - Goodding willow
Salix gracilistyla
Salix hainanica - Hainan willow
Salix helvetica - Swiss willow
Salix herbacea - dwarf willow
Salix hirsuta
Salix hookeriana - Hooker's willow
Salix hultenii
Salix humboldtiana - Chile willow
Salix humilis - upland willow
Salix integra
Salix interior
Salix japonica
Salix jessoensis
Salix koriyanagi
Salix kusanoi
Salix lanata - woolly willow
Salix lapponum - downy willow
Salix lasiandra - Pacific willow
Salix lasiolepis - Arroyo willow
Salix lucida - shining willow
Salix magnifica
Salix matsudana - Chinese willow
Salix miyabeana
Salix mucronata
Salix myrtilloides - swamp sillow
Salix myrsinifolia - dark-leaved willow
Salix myrsinites - whortle-leaved willow
Salix nakamurana
Salix nigra - black willow
Salix pedicellaris - bog willow
Salix pentandra - bay willow
Salix petiolaris - slender willow
Salix phylicifolia - tea-leaved willow
Salix planifolia- planeleaf willow
Salix polaris - polar willow
Salix pseudo-argentea
Salix purpurea - purple willow
Salix pyrifolia - balsam willow
Salix reinii
Salix repens - creeping willow
Salix reticulata - net-leaved willow
Salix retusa
Salix rorida
Salix rosmarinifolia - rosemary-leaved willow
Salix rupifraga
Salix salicicola
Salix schwerinii
Salix scouleriana - Scouler's willow
Salix sericea - silky willow
Salix serissaefolia
Salix serissima - autumn willow
Salix shiraii
Salix sieboldiana
Salix sitchensis - Sitka willow
Salix subfragilis
Salix subopposita
Salix taraikensis
Salix tetrasperma
Salix thorelii
Salix triandra - almond willow
Salix udensis
Salix viminalis - common osier
Salix vulpina
Salix waldsteiniana
Salix wallichiana
Salix wilmsii
Salix woodii
Salix yezoalpina
Salix yoshinoi

Willows, sallows and osiers form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are called sallow (the latter name is derived from the Latin word salix, willow). Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species), are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example the dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground.

Willows are very cross-fertile and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation. A well known example is the weeping willow (Salix × sepulcralis), very widely planted as an ornamental tree, which is a hybrid of a Chinese species and a European species – Peking willow and white willow.

Description

The willows all have abundant watery sap, furrowed scaly bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large, fibrous, often stoloniferous roots. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life, and roots readily grow from aerial parts of the plant.

The leaves are typically elongated but may also be round to oval, frequently with a serrated margin. All the buds are lateral; no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. The buds are covered by a single scale, enclosing at its base two minute opposite buds, alternately arranged, with two, small, scale-like, fugacious, opposite leaves. The leaves are alternate, except the first pair which fall when about an inch long. They are simple, feather-veined, and typically linear-lanceolate. Usually they are serrate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate. The leaf petioles are short, the stipules often very conspicuous, looking like tiny round leaves and sometimes remaining for half the summer. On some species, however, they are small, inconspicuous, and fugacious (soon falling). In colour the leaves show a great variety of greens, ranging from yellowish to blueish.

Flowers

Willows are dioecious with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on different plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves, or as the new leaves open.

The staminate (male) flowers are without either calyx or corolla; they consist simply of stamens, varying in number from two to ten, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is oval and entire and very hairy. The anthers are rose colored in the bud but orange or purple after the flower opens, they are two-celled and the cells open longitudinally. The filaments are threadlike, usually pale yellow, and often hairy.

The pistillate (female) flowers are also without calyx or corolla; and consist of a single ovary accompanied by a small flat nectar gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is likewise borne on the rachis of a catkin. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous.

Fruit

The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous tiny (0.1 mm) seeds embedded in white down, which assists wind dispersal of the seeds. The fruit is a one-celled, two-valved, cylindrical, beaked capsule, containing many minute seeds which are furnished with long, silky, white hairs. The catkins appear before or with the leaves.

Cultivation

Almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. There are a few exceptions, including the goat willow and peachleaf willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope, who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk. This twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of England's weeping willows are descended from this first one.

Willows are often planted on the borders of streams so that their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water. Frequently the roots are much larger than the stem which grows from them.

Ecological issues

Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on willows.

A number of willow species were widely planted in Australia, notably as erosion control measures along watercourses. They are now regarded as an invasive weed and many catchment management authorities are removing them to be replaced with native trees.

Uses

Medicinal uses

The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt as a remedy for aches and fever, and the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. This is because they contain salicylic acid, the precursor to aspirin.

In 1763 its medicinal properties were observed by the Reverend Edward Stone in England. He notified the Royal Society who published his findings. The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason.

In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin (in his case derived from the Spiraea plant), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally Acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Other uses

As a plant 
Agroforestry, biofiltration, constructed wetlands, ecological wastewater treatment systems, hedges, land reclamation, landscaping, phytoremediation, streambank stabilisation ( bioengineering), slope stabilisation, soil erosion control, shelterbelt & windbreak, soil building, soil reclamation, tree bog compost toilet, wildlife habitat
Agriculture 
Willow bark contains auxins: plant growth hormones, especially those used for rooting new cuttings. The bark can even be used to make a simple extract that will promote cutting growth.
Energy source 
Charcoal, energy forestry such as the Willow Biomass Project
Wood 
Boxes, brooms, cricket bats (grown from certain strains of white willow), cradle boards, chairs and other furniture, dolls, flutes, poles, sweat lodges, toys, turnery, tool handles, veneer, wands, whistles
Wicker (often from osiers)
Basket weaving, fish traps, wattle fences, wattle and daub
Other wood-derived products
Fibre plants, paper, rope and string, tannin
Art
Willow charcoal (for drawing), living sculpture
Religion 
As one of the " Four Species" used in a ceremony on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.

Willow in human culture

The willow is a famous subject in many East Asian nations' cultures particularily painting (pen and ink) in china and japan.

Gisaeng Hongrang, who lived in the middle of the Joseon period, wrote:

like willow I will be the willow on your bedside.

Hongrang wrote this poem by the willow in the rain in the evening which she gave to her parting lover

In English folklore, a willow tree is believed to be quite sinister, capable of uprooting itself and stalking travellers.

Willow trees are quite prevalent in folklore and myths.

In literature

Hans Christian Andersen wrote a story called Under The Willow Tree (1853) in which children ask questions of a tree they call 'willow-father', paired with another entity called 'elder-mother'.

Green Willow is a Japanese ghost story in which a young samurai falls in love with a woman called Green Willow who has a close spiritual connection with a willow tree. The Willow Wife is another, not dissimilar tale. Wisdom of the Willow Tree is an Osage Nation story in which a young man seeks answers from a Willow tree, addressing the tree in conversation as 'Grandfather'.

Pictures

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