New Frontier

Examples of New Frontier in the following topics:

• Frontier Revivals

  • In the new frontier regions, the revivals of the Second Great Awakening took the form of vast and exhilarating camp meetings.
  • In the newly settled frontier regions, the revivals of the Second Great Awakening took the form of camp meetings.
  • The Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky, and Cane Ridge was instrumental in fostering what became known as the "Restoration Movement," which was made up of nondenominational churches committed to what they saw as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament.
  • They were an integral part of the frontier expansion of the Second Great Awakening.

• The John F. Kennedy Administration

  • Kennedy's presidency is known for his New Frontier policies, containment policy toward the Soviet Union, support for civil rights, and expansion of the space program.
  • His administration was characterized by a policy of containment and a new support for third world countries and their nationalist movements.
  • Kennedy called his domestic program the "New Frontier."

• The End of the Frontier

  • How to formally include these new frontier areas into the nation was an important issue in the Continental Congress of the 1780s and was partly resolved by the Northwest Ordinance (1787).
  • In 1890, the frontier line had broken up (census maps defined the frontier line as a line beyond which the population was less than two persons per square mile).
  • The frontier's impact on popular culture was enormous, as evidenced by dime novels, Wild West shows, and, after 1910, Western movies set on the frontier.
  • The admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907 (upon the combination of the Oklahoma Territory and the last remaining Indian Territory), and the admission of Arizona and New Mexico territories as states in 1912, did not end the frontier.
  • The cowboy, the quintessential symbol of the American frontier, ca. 1887.

• Charles Finney and the Burned-Over District

  • He led revival meetings in New York and Pennsylvania, but his greatest success occurred after he accepted a ministry in Rochester, New York, in 1830.
  • The new middle class—an outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution—embraced Finney’s message.
  • Western New York still had a frontier quality at the time, making professional and established clergy scarce.
  • The first communal Shaker farm was established in this area of New York during this period.
  • Identify the key religious movements that emerged out of the western New York frontier

• The Age of Reforms

  • It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.
  • Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age.
  • The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges.
  • The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.

• The Second Great Awakening

  • It enrolled millions of new members and led to the formation of new denominations.
  • Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age.
  • The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, New York, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.
  • Each denomination that participated in the Second Great Awakening had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier.
  • Social reform prior to the Civil War came largely out of this new devotion to religion.

• A Diverse Population

  • As time went on, many new immigrants ended up on the frontiers because of the cheaper availability of land.
  • The eastern and northern frontier around the initial New England settlements was mainly settled by the Yankee descendants of the original New Englanders.
  • Public schooling was rare outside New England.
  • Unlike New England, the mid-Atlantic region gained much of its population from new immigration.
  • Many initially landed in family groups in Philadelphia or Baltimore but soon migrated to the western frontier, where land was cheaper and restrictions less onerous.

• In the West: The Native Americans

  • Americans coined the term "Manifest Destiny" to characterize their right to continually expand to new territories, mainly in the west.
  • The American frontier gradually shifted westward starting decades after the settlement of the first immigrants on the Eastern seaboard in the seventeenth century.
  • In 1800, the western frontier was delineated by the Mississippi River, which bisects the continental United States north-to-south from just west of the Great Lakes to the delta near New Orleans and was the primary the gateway for travel westward and commerce in the western territories.
  • The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States for $18.5 million.
  • The completed Mexican cession covered over half a million square miles, increased the size of the U.S. by nearly twenty percent, and included the states-to-be of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming—expanding the United States frontier to its present-day continental size.

• Discontent on the Frontier

  • The English colonies generally pursued a systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the application of legal property rights to the new conditions.
  • Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley.
  • In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, the frontier of Pennsylvania remained unsettled.
  • A new wave of Scots-Irish immigrants encroached on Native American land in the back country.
  • The new governor, John Penn, offered a reward for their capture.

• Manifest Destiny

  • O’Sullivan, a New York newspaper editor, introduced the concept of “manifest destiny” in the July/August issue of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, in an article titled, "Annexation."
  • Polk, a slaveholder from Tennessee, because he vowed to annex Texas as a new slave state, and to take Oregon.
  • This 1872 painting depicts Columbia as the "Spirit of the Frontier," carrying telegraph lines across the western frontier to fulfill manifest destiny.