Bessemer process

Examples of Bessemer process in the following topics:

• The Second Industrial Revolution

  • Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.
  • By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry—a few large corporations, some organized as "trusts" (e.g., Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacturing of agriculture machinery.
  • Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process.
  • Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories.

• Carnegie and the Steel Industry

  • One of his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process for steel making.
  • Sir Henry Bessemer had invented the furnace which allowed the high carbon content of pig iron to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way.
  • The steel price dropped as a direct result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for railway lines and girders for buildings and bridges.
  • Edgar Thomson Steel Works, (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss and president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines.

• Ellis Island

  • Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year.
  • About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use.
  • During the construction period, passenger arrivals were, once again, processed at the Barge Office.
  • Bureau of Immigration had processed 12 million immigrants .
  • The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 processed immigrants.

• Debates over Globalization

  • Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
  • Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that promote worldwide exchanges of national and cultural resources.
  • Reactions to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely, with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade.
  • Philosophical differences regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad range of ideologies and social movements.
  • Those opposed to globalization view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to social well-being on a global or local scale.

• Globalization and the U.S.

  • Globalization refers to the process of international integration with regards to both culture and trade.
  • Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
  • Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.
  • This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization, which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe.
  • Many argue it is a process of homogenization, and more specifically a process marked by the global domination of American culture at the expense and erasure of other cultures.

• Modern Management

  • The mechanization of the manufacturing process allowed workers to be more productive in less time and factories to operate more efficiently.
  • Corporate officials used various techniques, such as timing their workers with stopwatches and using stop-motion photography, to study the production process and improve efficiency.

• Laissez-Faire and the Supreme Court

  • Supreme Court case that held that the notion of a "liberty of contract" was implicit in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
  • Lochner's appeal was based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which provides the following: "... nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
  • Although this interpretation of the Due Process Clause is a controversial one, it had become firmly embedded in American jurisprudence by the end of the nineteenth century.
  • Lochner argued that the right to freely contract was one of the rights encompassed by substantive due process.
  • Seven years earlier, the Supreme Court had accepted the argument that the Due Process Clause protected the right to contract in Allgeyer v.

• The Internationalization of the United States

  • The internationalization of the United States has become apparent through the processes of free trade, outsourcing, exporting of American culture, and immigration.
  • Proponents of socialism frequently oppose free trade on the ground that it allows maximum exploitation of workers by capital: the process of free trade is seen as an end-run around workers' rights and laws that protect individual liberty.
  • In business, outsourcing involves the contracting out of a business process to another party.
  • Through the process of globalization, American culture has expanded around the globe by spreading pop culture, particularly via the Internet and satellite television.
  • Through the continued process of immigration, the United States is becoming an increasingly ethnically diverse (and, hence, internationalized) country.

• The Ratification Debate

  • The process of ratifying the proposed United States Constitution led to prolonged debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
  • More populous states, such as Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts, would be critical to this process.
  • The process of organizing the government began soon after Virginia and New York's ratification.

• The Spread of Democracy

  • The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in the state of Rhode Island.
  • The Anti-Masonic Party (an opponent of Andrew Jackson) introduced the national nominating conventions to select a party's presidential and vice presidential candidates, which also increased voter input in the electoral process.
  • Similarly, Jacksonian democracy sought greater input to the democratic process for the common man.