affirmative action
(noun)
A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who have been historically and institutionally discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare, etc.
(noun)
A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who have been traditionally discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare, etc.
Examples of affirmative action in the following topics:
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- In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program.
- Secretary Shultz was influential in Nixon's school integration and affirmative action policies.
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- Nixon also implemented the Philadelphia Plan, the nation's first affirmative action legislation, in 1970.
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- Amongst the most significant legal victories of the movement after the formation of NOW were a 1967 Executive Order extending full Affirmative Action rights to women, Title IX and the Women's Educational Equity Act (1972 and 1974, respectively), Title X (1970, health and family planning), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974), the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, the legalization of no-fault divorce (although not allowed in all states until 2010), a 1975 law requiring the U.S.
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- Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court affirmed the supremacy of federal powers over those of states.
- Maryland (1819) was one of several decisions during the 1810s and 1820s involving the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in which the Marshall Court affirmed federal supremacy.
- State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.
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- The Ordinance of 1784 was a resolution written by Thomas Jefferson calling for Congress to take action.
- Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution.
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- Since the Constitution is the most fundamental law of the country, any government action that the Supreme Court determines to be against the terms of the Constitution is void and nullified.
- Maryland (1819) was one of several decisions involving the balance of power between the federal government and individual states in which the Marshall Court affirmed federal supremacy.
- State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.
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- Historians note that the actions that Roosevelt took in support of black communities were often influenced by Eleanor Roosevelt, who continued to push her husband to pay more attention to black leaders and needs of African Americans.
- Executive Order 8802 was the first federal action intended to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States.
- The ruling was appealed to Maryland's highest court, the Court of Appeals, which unanimously affirmed the lower court's decision in 1936.
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- The Nine-Power Treaty affirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy (keeping China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the country).
- Article 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations gave the League the task of reducing "armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations."
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- 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua establishing peace with the Iroquois and affirming lands rights in New York State east of the Genesee River
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- Marshall affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the state of Maryland in this decision.