The Credential Society

Examples of The Credential Society in the following topics:

• The Credentialized Society

  • Credentialism refers to the common practice of relying on earned credentials when hiring staff or assigning social status.
  • In a credential society, such certifications may become more important than actual skills or abilities.
  • A good example of credential inflation is the decline in the value of the U.S. high school diploma since the beginning of the twentieth century, when it was held by less than 10% of the population.
  • In his 1979 book The Credential Society, Collins argued that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle class values of competition and achievement.
  • Explain the use of credentialism in today's society as a means of social mobility and job security

• Introduction to deviance

  • The first, crime is the violation of formally enacted laws and is referred to as formal deviance.
  • For instance, in general U.S. society it is uncommon for people to restrict their speech to certain hours of the day.
  • The norms and rules of the Christ Desert Monastery are examples of how norms are relative to cultures.
  • Other examples include white hip-hop acts like Eminem and Nu-Metal bands like Limp Bizkit that mimic lower or middle class people in order to use their socioeconomic credentials for profit, despite their true socioeconomic status.
  • Sociological interest in deviance includes both interests in measuring formal deviance (statistics of criminal behavior; see below), examining how people (individually and collectively) define some things deviant and others normative, and a number of theories that try to explain both the role of deviance in society and its origins.

• Teachers: Employees and Instructors

  • In 2011, American teachers worked 1,097 hours in the classroom, the most for any industrialized nation measured by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
  • These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.
  • The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher, and surrogate parent during the course of the day.
  • Discuss the purpose and roles of teachers in society, as well as the objectives of teaching

• The Church-Sect Typology

  • The church classification describes religions that are all-embracing of religious expression in a society.
  • Religions of this type are the guardians of religion for all members of the societies in which they are located and tolerate no religious competition.
  • claim universality, include all members of the society within their ranks, and have a strong tendency to equate 'citizenship' with 'membership
  • employ professional, full-time clergy who possess the appropriate credentials of education and formal ordination
  • often draw disproportionately from the middle and upper classes of society

• Child Care

  • According to the 1995 U.S.
  • It is traditional in Western society for children to be cared for by their parents or their legal guardians.
  • Depending on the number of children in the home, the children utilizing in-home care enjoy the greatest amount of interaction with their caregiver, forming a close bond.
  • Often the nationally recognized Child Development Associate credential is the minimum standard for the individual leading this home care program.
  • According to the 1995 U.S.

• Introduction

  • The simplest definition of society is a group of people who share a defined territory and a culture.
  • Social structure is the relatively enduring patterns of behavior and relationships within a society.
  • Thus, a society is not only the group of people and their culture, but the relationships between the people and the institutions within that group.
  • Culture refers to the norms, values, beliefs, behaviors, and meanings given to symbols in a society.
  • This chapter presents a brief overview of some of the types of human societies that have existed and continue to exist.

• Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality

  • The economy was based on the exchange of labor for land instead of the exchange of wages for labor that is typical in industrial society.
  • Pre-industrial societies are societies that existed before the Industrial Revolution, which took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
  • Two specific forms of pre-industrial society are hunter-gatherer societies and feudal societies.
  • This painting from feudal time shows how fields surrounded the feudal manor where the noble who owned the farms lived--a good depiction of how society was oriented around the agricultural economy.
  • Discuss the different types of societies and economies that existed during the pre-Industrial age

• The Functionalist Perspective

  • For functionalists, the family creates well-integrated members of society and teaches culture to the new members of society.
  • Structural functionalism also took on the argument that the basic building block of society is the nuclear family, and that the clan is an outgrowth, not vice versa .
  • For functionalists, the family creates well-integrated members of society and instills culture into the new members of society.
  • For functionalists, the family creates well-integrated members of society and teaches culture to the new members of society.
  • Structural functionalism also took on the argument that the basic building block of society is the nuclear family, and that the clan is an outgrowth, not vice versa.

• Durkheim's Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

  • As part of his theory of the development of societies in, The Division of Labour in Society (1893), sociologist Emile Durkheim characterized two categories of societal solidarity: organic and mechanical.
  • In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals.
  • Organic solidarity is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.
  • It comes from the interdependence that arises from specialization of work and the complementarities between people—a development that occurs in "modern" and "industrial" societies.
  • Thus, social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component parts (e.g., farmers produce the food to feed the factory workers who produce the tractors that allow the farmer to produce the food).

• The Four Social Revolutions

  • The majority of hunter-gatherer societies are nomadic.
  • The egalitarianism in hunter-gatherer societies tends to extend to gender relations as well.
  • In horticulturalist societies, the primary means of subsistence is the cultivation of crops using hand tools.
  • Horticultural societies were among the first to establish permanent places of residence.
  • Importantly, the term post-industrial is still debated, in part because it is the current state of society.