Examples of international development in the following topics:
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Continuity Theory
- The theory considers the internal structures and external structures of continuity to describe how people adapt to their circumstances and set their goals.
- The internal structure of an individual - for instance, an individual's personality traits - remains relatively constant throughout a person's lifetime.
- Other internal aspects such as beliefs can remain relatively constant as well, though are also subject to change.
- This internal structure facilitates future decision-making by providing the individual with a strong internal foundation of the past.
- " He continued to expound upon the theory over the years, explaining the development of internal and external structures in 1989 and publishing a book in 1999 called Continuity and Adaptation in Aging: Creating Positive Experiences.
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Least Industrialized Countries
- After years of political stability and reduced poverty, the UN sought to relabel Samoa as a developing nation, rather than a least developed country.
- While LDCs can expand their economies and improve standards of living, they are vulnerable to economic setbacks and often require international support.
- Thus, the definition of LDCs is more rigid than the definition of developing/industrializing and developed/industrialized countries .
- Least industrialized nations are at the bottom of a stratified global economic order, and play only a peripheral role in the international economy .
- Countries in the 1–10,000 international dollar range roughly correspond to least industrialized countries.
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Social Control Theory
- Social control theory describes internal means of social control.
- An internal understanding of means of control became articulated in sociological theory in the mid-twentieth century.
- However, youth may be constrained when free from direct control by their anticipation of parental disapproval (indirect control), or through the development of a conscience, an internal constraint on behavior.
- How do individuals develop a particular conscience that promotes social adherence?
- Simply by living within a particular cultural context, one learns and internalizes the norms of society .
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Industrializing Countries
- Thus, it might more aptly be labeled a "less-developed country. "
- An industrializing country, also commonly referred to as a developing country or a less-developed country, is a nation with a low standard of living, undeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
- HDI is the measure of development that is used by the United Nations.
- This map shows what stage of economic development various countries are in.
- According to research from the World Bank, one challenge facing industrializing nations is how to successfully export products when they do not have pre-existing infrastructures to facilitiate international trade.
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Global Crime
- Global crime can refer to any organized crime that occurs at an international or transnational level.
- Some espouse that all organized crime operates at an international level, though there is currently no international court capable of trying offences resulting from such activities (for example, the International Criminal Court's remit extends only to dealing with people accused of offences against humanity, such as genocide ).
- It can undermine democracy, disrupt free markets, drain national assets, and inhibit the development of stable societies.
- In doing so, it has been argued, national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations.
- The UN has taken a stand against this threat with the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime which has been adopted since 2000 to fight against transnational organized crime, with the recognition of UN Member States that this is a serious and growing problem that can only be solved through close international cooperation.
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World Health Trends
- Historically, global health studies rose to prominence in the 1940s, after World War II reconfigured geopolitical alignments and international relations.
- While the WHO is the key international agency for monitoring and promoting global health, many other groups also participate.
- Developing countries account for 95% of the global AIDS prevalence and 98% of active tuberculosis infections.
- It could also mean addressing the global economic patterns which result in healthcare workers having more incentive to work in developed countries and leaving developing countries short staffed.
- Finally, health interventions could advance by considering the relationship of national and international politics to the establishment of adequate education and healthcare systems.
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Education and Liberty in the Developing World
- A lack of access to education is one of the primary limits on human development.
- Education is becoming increasingly international.
- International development is a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development–the development of greater quality of life for humans.
- Almost every development project includes an aspect of education, as development by its very nature requires a change in the way people live.
- Education is becoming increasingly international.
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Capitalism in a Global Economy
- The global financial system is the financial system consisting of institutions and regulators that act on the international level, as opposed to those that act on a national or regional level.
- Although international trade has always existed, some thinkers argue that a number of trends associated with globalization have caused an increase in the mobility of people and capital since the last quarter of the 20th century.
- It is generally used to refer to economic globalization: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas; and the reduction of restrictions on the movement of capital and on investment.
- Globalization may contribute to economic growth in developed and developing countries through increased specialization and the principle of comparative advantage.
- Analyze the shift in the job market and increase in international trade due to an increase in globalization
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Global Trade: Inequalities and Conflict
- Global trade (exchange across international borders) has increased with better transportation and governments adopting free trade.
- Global trade is the exchange of money, goods, and services across international borders.
- In 1995, GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO), an international body that supervises global trade.
- Free trade may favor developing nations in certain areas, may benefit only the wealthy within countries, may increase offshoring, and may destabilize financial markets.
- In response, fair trade, or an economic system that emphasizes living wages for the producers of goods, has developed as an alternative to free trade in the last several years.
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Group-external and group-internal ties
- Krackhardt and Stern (1988) developed a very simple and useful measure of the group embedding based on comparing the numbers of ties within groups and between groups.
- The resulting index ranges from -1 (all ties are internal to the group) to +1 (all ties are external to the group).
- Next, we see the numbers of internal ties (14, or 22%) and external ties (50, or 78%) that yield a raw (not rescaled) E-I index of +.563.
- That is, a preponderance of external over internal ties for the graph as a whole.
- Also shown are the maximum possible numbers of internal and external ties given the group sizes and density.