industrial era

Examples of industrial era in the following topics:

• Industrial Cities

  • During the industrial era, cities grew rapidly and became centers of population growth and production.
  • During the industrial era, cities grew rapidly and became centers of population and production.
  • Since the industrial era, that figure, as of the beginning of the 21st century, has risen to nearly 50%.
  • Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and safety.
  • Rapidly expanding industrial cities could be quite deadly, and were often full of contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases.

• Ominous Trends in the U.S.

  • Recently, industry has become more information-intensive, which has led to higher productivity but also higher unemployment and inequality.
  • In general, industry is becoming more information-intensive, less labor-intensive, and less capital-intensive.
  • These trends have led observers to call the modern era the information age.
  • They are also disappearing because of outsourcing, which has become more common in an era of global free trade.
  • As a result, in industrialized nations like the U.S., those working in production have either lost their jobs or been forced to accept wage cuts.

• Capitalism

  • In the 19th and 20th centuries, it provided the main means of industrialization throughout much of the world.
  • During this era, merchants, who had traded under the previous stage of mercantilism, invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies, seeking a return on investment, setting the stage for capitalism.
  • In the late 19th century, the control and direction of large areas of industry came into the hands of trusts, financiers and holding companies.
  • Major characteristics of capitalism in this period included the establishment of large industrial monopolies; the ownership and management of industry by financiers divorced from the production process; and the development of a complex system of banking, an equity market, and corporate holdings of capital through stock ownership.
  • Gradually, during this era, the US government played a larger and larger role in passing antitrust laws and regulation of industrial standards for key industries of special public concern.

• State-Centered Theories

  • The laissez-faire era of United States economic history, which occurred around the turn of the 20th century—when the government generally left the economy unregulated—reflects a belief in market-driven theories of inequality.
  • This era of loose regulation gave way to an era of tight regulation of the economy, including the introduction of "trust-busting" or anti-monopoly laws.
  • Socialism is an economic and political system in which the state owns the majority industry, but resources are allocated based on a combination of natural rights and individual achievements.

• Socially Constructed Interpretations of Aging

  • For instance, retirement only became a "universal" American ideal in the post-World War I era, as the growth of Social Security and private pensions dramatically expanded the safety net available to aging workers who were leaving the labor market.
  • Likewise, the idea of childhood being an age of innocence when children should be kept from adult worries and spend their time pursuing education and recreating is only widely held in highly developed countries and is a relatively recent invention, following the industrial revolution and the introduction of child-labor laws.

• Welfare State Capitalism

  • In this second form of welfare capitalism, also known as industrial paternalism, companies have a two-fold interest in providing these services.
  • Business-led welfare capitalism was only common in American industries that employed skilled labor.
  • In the United States, the first two decades of the twentieth century—the Progressive Era—saw an increase in the number of protections the government was able to extend to workers.

• Suburbanization

  • While white flight was concentrated in the post-WWII era, the effects are still present today.
  • The mass movement of families from urban to suburban areas has had a serious economic impact with changes in infrastructure, industry, real estate development costs, fiscal policies, and more.
  • As a result of the mass residential migration out of urban centers, many industries have followed suit.
  • Companies are increasingly looking to build industrial parks in less populated areas, largely to match the desires of employees to work in more spacious areas closer to their suburban homes.

• Women in the Labor Force

  • Women in the workforce have faced barriers, though they have greater access to education and employment in the contemporary era.
  • As gender roles have followed the formation of agricultural and then industrial societies, newly developed professions and fields of occupation have been frequently inflected by gender.

• Importance of Division of Labor

  • A complex division of labor appears to be strongly correlated with the rise of capitalism, as well as the rise of complex industrial production.
  • Theoretically, in an era of globalization, countries specialize in the work they can do at the lowest opportunity cost.

• Industrializing Countries

  • Industrializing countries have low standards of living, undeveloped industry, and low Human Development Indices (HDIs).
  • Considering global stratification, industrializing nations are at the middle of the hierarchy.
  • Standards of living in industrializing nations are lower than in developed countries, but range widely depending on whether a nation is rapidly industrializing or is in decline.
  • For example, India is considered a industrializing country.
  • Explain why some scholars use the term 'less-developed country' instead of 'industrializing country'