Examples of in-group bias in the following topics:
-
- People tend to hold positive attitudes towards members of their own groups, a phenomenon known as in-group bias.
- In-group favoritism refers to a preference and affinity for one's in-group over the out-group or anyone viewed as outside the in-group.
- A key notion in understanding in-group/out-group biases is determining the psychological mechanism that drives the bias.
- Intergroup aggression is a by product of in-group bias, in that if the beliefs of the in-group are challenged or if the in-group feels threatened, then they will express aggression toward the out-group.
- Recall two of the key features of in-group biases toward out-groups
-
- This phenomenon rarely ever occurs in small groups.
- In tests involving groups of three or fewer, everyone in the group took action as opposed to groups of over ten where in almost every test, no one took action.
- This bias is commonly present in a group setting where one thinks the collective opinion of their own group matches that of the larger population.
- Illusory superiority is a cognitive bias in which people overestimate the degree to which they possess desirable qualities, relative to others, or underestimate their negative qualities relative to others.
- People who succumb to the illusory superiority bias have inflated views of their own characteristics.
-
- It should be kept in mind that prejudice is a belief and may not translate into discrimination, which is the actual mistreatment of a group or individual based upon some criteria or characteristic.
- Post-judgments or beliefs and viewpoints derived from experience that maintain unfair or stereotypical perspectives on a group of people is more accurately referred to as bias.
- Bias can develop through pronounced negative interactions with the stereotyped groups.
- Both bias and prejudice are generally viewed as negative.
- Since humans do not always have sufficient time to form personal views on every other group of people, particularly people in opposition to one's own group(s), however, prejudices and biases (regardless of their source) may facilitate interactions (although negatively).
-
- Gender-based achievement gaps suggest the existence of gender bias in the classroom.
- Gender-based achievement gaps (especially in math and science) suggest the existence of gender bias in the classroom.
- One proposed solution to gender bias in the classroom is to separate boys and girls in single-sex classrooms.
- Further, though most research and debate about gender bias in the classroom focuses on bias against girls, recent evidence suggests that boys may be falling behind girls, especially in literacy.
- The gendering of school subjects may, in itself, lead to gender bias in the classroom, and, further down the line, gender inequality in the workforce.
-
- Media bias refers the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media.
- Bias exists in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered.
- The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed .
- A technique employed to avoid bias is the "round table," an adversarial format in which representatives from opposing views comment on an issue.
- The apparent bias of media is not always specifically political in nature.
-
- Racism is the belief that different traits of racial groups are inherent and justify discrimination.
- Racism is the belief that different inherent traits in racial groups justify discrimination.
- Race is the primary determinant of human capacities (prejudice or bias).
- A certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others (prejudice or bias).
- Individual-level racism is prejudice, bias, or discrimination displayed in an interaction between two or more people.
-
- In 1966, the Coleman Report launched a debate about "school effects," desegregation and busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
- Department of Education commissioned a group of social scientists to write a report on educational equality in the United States.
- The group was led by sociologist James Coleman, and the report was one of the largest studies in history, surveying more than 150,000 students.
- It also helped define debates over desegregation, busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
- Thus, the report supplied evidence that different conditions in different schools could lead to different outcomes for different groups of students.
-
- The term "minority" is applied to various groups who hold few or no positions of power in a given society.
- Minority group status is also categorical in nature: an individual who exhibits the physical or behavioral characteristics of a given minority group will be accorded the status of that group and be subject to the same treatment as other members of that minority group.
- In some places, subordinate ethnic groups may constitute a numerical majority, such as blacks in South Africa under apartheid.
- Recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a minority group or groups has gained prominence in the Western world since the nineteenth century.
- However in some countries this freedom is still either formally restricted or subject to cultural bias from the majority population.
-
- We can also examine variation across the groups in their degree of closure; and, each individual can be seen as more or less embedded in their group.
- The range of possible values of the E-I index is restricted by the number of groups, relative group sizes, and total number of ties in a graph.
- The densities off the main diagonal (out-group ties) appear to be slightly more prevalent than the densities on the main diagonal (in-group ties).
- Most analysts would not reject the null hypothesis that the deviation from randomness was not "significant. " That is, we cannot be confident that the observed mild bias toward group closure is not random variation.
- There is considerable variability across individuals in their propensity to in-group ties, as can be seen in the last panel of the results.
-
- A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent manner.
- They are designed so that the questions, conditions for administering, scoring procedures, and interpretations are purportedly without bias.
- Finally, critics have expressed concern that standardized tests may create testing bias.
- Testing bias occurs when a test systematically favors one group over another, even though both groups are equal on the trait the test measures.
- Many feel this ignores basic democratic principles in that control of schools' curricula is removed from local school boards, which are the nominal curricular authority in the U.S.