operant

Examples of operant in the following topics:

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Skinner

  • Skinner was a behavioral psychologist who expanded the field by defining and elaborating on operant conditioning.
  • In operant conditioning, new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences.
  • Almost half a century after Thorndike's first publication of the principles of operant conditioning and the law of effect, Skinner attempted to prove an extension to this theory—that all behaviors are in some way a result of operant conditioning.
  • Skinner named these actions operant behaviors because they operated on the environment to produce an outcome.
  • In his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping.

• Shaping

  • Shaping is a method of operant conditioning by which successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced.
  • In his operant-conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping.
  • In this way, shaping uses operant-conditioning principles to train a subject by rewarding proper behavior and discouraging improper behavior.

• Defining Thoughts

  • Internal representations are gradually organized into logical structures, which first operate on the concrete properties of the environment, in the stage of concrete operations.
  • Then, in the stage of formal operations, these logical structures operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties.

• Defining Learning

  • There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
  • Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.
  • Skinner researched operant conditioning by conducting experiments with rats in what he called a "Skinner box."

• Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Piaget's four stages correspond with the age of the children and are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
  • The concrete operational stage occurs from age 7 to age 11.
  • The formal operational stage occurs from age 11 to adulthood.
  • Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
  • The second child understands conservation, demonstrating the concrete operational stage.

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

  • In operant conditioning theory, new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences.
  • Almost half a century after Thorndike's first publication of the principles of operant conditioning, Skinner attempted to prove an extension to this theory—that all behaviors were in some way a result of operant conditioning.
  • This basic theory of operant conditioning is still used by psychologists, scientists, and educators today.
  • Skinner used this basic principle to study the possible scope and scale of the influence of operant conditioning on animal behavior.

• Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Reinforcement and punishment are principles of operant conditioning that increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
  • Reinforcement and punishment are principles that are used in operant conditioning.
  • Extinction, in operant conditioning, refers to when a reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely.
  • In operant conditioning, positive and negative do not mean good and bad.
  • In the context of operant conditioning, whether you are reinforcing or punishing a behavior, "positive" always means you are adding a stimulus (not necessarily a good one), and "negative" always means you are removing a stimulus (not necessarily a bad one.

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Thorndike's Law of Effect

  • In operant conditioning, new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences.
  • Thorndike's law of effect now informs much of what we know about operant conditioning and behaviorism.
  • According to this law, behaviors are modified by their consequences, and this basic stimulus-response relationship can be learned by the operant person or animal.
  • Relate Thorndike's law of effect to the principles of operant conditioning

• Attention

  • There are two major models for understanding how visual attention operates.
  • Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process.
  • There are two major models for understanding how visual attention operates, both of which are loose metaphors for the actual neural processes occurring.
  • For example, trained Morse-code operators have been able to copy 100% of a message while carrying on a meaningful conversation.

• Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  • This stage of cognitive development, termed by Piaget as the formal operational stage, marks a movement from an ability to think and reason from concrete visible events to an ability to think hypothetically and entertain what-if possibilities about the world.
  • Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.