Examples of observational learning in the following topics:
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- Observational learning occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior observed from a model.
- Observational learning, also referred to as modeling or social learning, occurs by observing, retaining, and replicating behavior seen in others.
- According to Bandura's social learning theory, four conditions, or steps, must be met in order for observational or social learning to occur:
- The theory of social learning states that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.
- Describe the conditions that must be met for observational learning to occur
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- The social-cognitive theory of personality emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.
- This means that an individual can learn from observing others, as opposed to only being able to learn from their own experiences.
- For example, researchers currently cannot find a connection between observational learning and self-efficacy within the social-cognitive perspective.
- Another limitation is that not all social learning can be directly observed.
- Because of this, the understanding of how a child learns through observation and how an adult learns through observation are not differentiated, and factors of development are not included.
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- Learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
- There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
- Observational learning is just as it sounds: learning by observing others.
- Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate events, or stimuli, that frequently happen together; as a result of this, we learn to anticipate events.
- Observational learning occurs through observing the behaviors of others and imitating those behaviors—even if there is no reinforcement at the time.
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- Latent learning occurs without any obvious conditioning or reinforcement of a behavior, illustrating a cognitive component to learning.
- Latent learning is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
- This type of learning broke the constraints of behaviorism, which stated that processes must be directly observable and that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
- Latent learning implies that learning can take place without any behavioral changes being immediately present.
- Latent learning can be a form of observational learning (i.e., learning derived from the observation of other people or events), though it can also occur independently of any observation.
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- Although environment also plays an important role, genetics influence human intelligence and our capacity to learn in many ways.
- A central topic in psychology involves the study of human cognition and the capacity to learn.
- While environmental influences play a large role, our ability to learn is also largely shaped by genetics.
- Although the field is young, it is expected that with new technologies and new ways in which to observe learning, the paradigms of what students need and how students learn best will be further refined with actual scientific evidence.
- Discuss the role genetics play in our cognition and our ability to learn.
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- Insight learning occurs when a new behavior is learned through cognitive processes rather than through interactions with the outside world.
- Insight learning was first researched by Wolfgang Kohler (1887–1967).
- Kohler's most famous study on insight learning involved Sultan the chimpanzee.
- Insight learning suggests that we learn not only by conditioning, but also by cognitive processes that cannot be directly observed.
- Insight learning is a form of learning because, like other forms, it involves a change in behavior; however, it differs from other forms because the process is not observable.
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- Behavior therapy is based on the idea that maladaptive behavior is learned, and thus adaptive behavior can also be learned.
- It applies the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and observational learning to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses.
- Modeling involves learning through observation and emulating the behavior of others.
- The process is based on Albert Bandura's social learning theory, which emphasizes the social components of the learning process.
- Other critics have argued that ABA and other behavior therapies are too rigid in their approach, and that effective treatment requires an acknowledgement of the subconscious as well as observable behaviors.
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- Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on changes in an individual's observable behaviors.
- Research regarding this principle of learning first began in the late 19th century with Edward L.
- He observed that the cats seemed to learn, from an intricate trial and error process, which actions should be continued and which actions should be abandoned; a well-practiced cat could quickly remember and reuse actions that were successful in escaping to the food reward.
- Because the law of effect is a key component of behaviorism, it does not include any reference to unobservable or internal states; instead, it relies solely on what can be observed in human behavior.
- As the number of trials increased, the cats were able to escape more quickly by learning.
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- Participant observation involves the researcher joining a sample of individuals without interfering with that group's normal activities in order to document their routine behavior or observe them in a natural context.
- Often researchers in observational studies will try to blend in seamlessly with the sample group to avoid compromising the results of their observations.
- They observed the children go to school, play with friends, and complete daily chores, and learned a great deal about how children interact with their environments and how their environments shape their character.
- There are also ethical concerns related to observing individuals without their consent.
- Laboratory observation can feel artificial to participants and influence their behavior.
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- Humans, especially children, have an amazing ability to learn language.
- Skinner also suggested that children learn language through imitation of others, prompting, and shaping.
- He believes children instinctively learn language without any formal instruction.
- He has observed that all children make the same type of language errors, regardless of the language they are taught.
- The ZPD is a level of development obtained when children engage in social interactions with others; it is the distance between a child's potential to learn and the actual learning that takes place.