vicarious punishment

Examples of vicarious punishment in the following topics:

• Bandura and Observational Learning

  • Three main conditions were included: a) the model-reward condition, in which the children saw a second adult give the aggressive model candy for a "championship performance"; b) the model-punished condition, in which the children saw a second adult scold the model for their aggression; and c) the no-consequence condition, in which the children simply saw the model behave aggressively.
  • Those in the model-reward and no-consequence conditions were more willing to imitate the aggressive acts than those in the model-punished condition.
  • If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her; this is known as vicarious reinforcement.
  • On the other hand, if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy her; this is called vicarious punishment.

• Punishment as a Management Tool

  • Punishment is the imposition of a negative consequence with the goal of reducing or stopping someone's undesirable behavior.
  • In punishment, the rate of the target behavior is decreased by imposing a negative consequence (i.e., "positive punishment") or by removing a pleasant or desired stimulus (i.e., "negative punishment") immediately or shortly after each occurrence of the behavior.
  • Shocking a rat for turning left instead of right in a maze is an example of positive punishment; taking away a child's toy after he hits his brother is an example of negative punishment.
  • In a management context, punishment tools can include demotions, salary cuts, and terminations (fires).
  • Recognize the uses of punishment as a motivational tool in the context of organizational behavio

• The Death Penality

  • Capital punishment is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
  • Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed.
  • Capital punishment is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
  • In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty.
  • Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed.

• The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment

  • The Eight Amendment determines the provisions for cruel and unusual punishment.
  • Supreme Court has ruled that this amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause applies to states.
  • According to the Supreme Court, the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely, prohibiting other punishments that are deemed excessive when compared to the crime or the competence of the perpetrator.
  • It is up to individual states to decide if death can be considered "cruel and unusual" punishment.
  • As of 2016, 31 states (and the federal government) had death as an acceptable form of punishment.

• Allopatric Speciation

  • Biologists group allopatric processes into two categories: dispersal and vicariance.
  • Dispersal occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area, while vicariance occurs when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms.

• The Eighth Amendment

  • The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments.
  • Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

• Behavior Modification

  • When unwanted behavior cannot be reduced with positive reinforcement, negative consequences are used like punishment, extinction, and warning.
  • It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behavior through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behavior through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former).
  • In recent years, the concept of punishment has had many critics, though these criticisms tend not to apply to negative punishment (time-outs) and usually apply to the addition of some aversive event.
  • In clinical settings, positive punishment is usually restricted to using a spray bottle filled with water as an aversive event.
  • When misused, more aversive punishment can lead to affective (emotional) disorders, as well as to the receiver of the punishment increasingly trying to avoid the punishment (i.e., "not get caught").

• Crime and Punishment

  • Crimes were punished harshly during the Middle Ages with torture and executions common place for even the smallest of offenses.
  • During medieval times, there were extremely harsh punishments for all crimes.
  • Jails were used more as a holding cell before trial than as a form of punishment.
  • Juries also decided on the punishment for anyone found guilty.
  • Describe the ways in which crimes were punished in the Middle Ages

• Self-Efficacy

• Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Reinforcement and punishment are principles that are used in operant conditioning.
  • Both reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative.
  • Positive punishments add an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.
  • Negative punishments remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.
  • See the green and red backgrounds above, which represent reinforcement and punishment, respectively.