intelligence quotient

Examples of intelligence quotient in the following topics:

• IQ Tests

  • IQ tests are used to measure human intelligence quotient as measured against an age-based average intelligence score.
  • IQ tests attempt to measure and provide an intelligence quotient, which is a score derived from a standardized test designed to access human intelligence.
  • They are also thought to have high statistical validity, which means that they measure what they actually claim to measure, intelligence.
  • The most commonly used test series is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and its counterpart, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
  • While all of these tests measure intelligence, not all of them label their standard scores as IQ scores.

• History of Intelligence Testing

  • Intelligence testing has evolved over time as researchers continually seek the best method for measuring intelligence.
  • Our concept of intelligence has evolved over time, and intelligence tests  have evolved along with it.
  • The abbreviation "IQ" comes from the term intelligence quotient, first coined by the German psychologist William Stern in the early 1900s (from the German Intelligenz-Quotient).
  • He proposed that an individual's intelligence level be measured as a quotient (hence the term "intelligence quotient") of their estimated mental age divided by their chronological age.
  • The original formula for the quotient was Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100.

• Genetic Basis of Intelligence and Learning

  • Although environment also plays an important role, genetics influence human intelligence and our capacity to learn in many ways.
  • One of the most extensively studied behavioral traits is intelligence.
  • There has been significant controversy in the academic community about the heritability of IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, which seeks to determine to what extent an individual's IQ level is influenced by genetics.
  • Recent research shows that under normal circumstances, intelligence involves multiple genes; however certain single-gene genetic disorders can severely affect intelligence.

• The Intellectually Gifted

  • At one time, giftedness was defined based solely upon an individual's IQ (intelligence quotient) score.
  • A variety of criteria are used to define giftedness, including measures of intelligence, creativity, and achievement, as well as interviews with parents and teachers.
  • The students identified as "not gifted" may believe they are not as intelligent as those who are labeled gifted, and in turn they may not put forth the same effort at school.
  • Evangelos Katsioulis is considered to be one of the most intelligent men on Earth, with a Stanford-Binet score of 205.
  • Discuss the benefits and disadvantages to creating special programs for individuals with gifted intelligence

• Learning Disabilities and Special Education

  • Intellectual disabilities were previously referred to as mental retardation (MR)—though this older term is being used less frequently—which was historically defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) score under 70.
  • Although many children with ASD display normal intelligence, they may require special support due to other symptoms of the disorder.
  • Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty with learning to read or write fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.
  • Although many children with ASD display normal intelligence, they often require special support due to other symptoms of the disorder.

• Intellectual Disabilities

  • It is defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) score below 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect an individual's everyday life.

• Defining Intelligence

  • Over the last century or so, intelligence has been defined in many different ways.
  • The current American Psychological Association definition of intelligence involves a three-level hierarchy of intelligence factors, with g at its apex.
  • Cattell proposed two types of intelligence rather than a single general intelligence.
  • In 1983, Howard Gardner published a book on multiple intelligence that breaks intelligence down into at least eight different modalities: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences.
  • A few years later, Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which proposes three fundamental types of cognitive ability: analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

• Controversies in Intelligence and Standardized Testing

  • Intelligence tests and standardized tests face criticism for their uses and applications in society.
  • Intelligence tests (such as IQ tests) have always been controversial; critics claim that they measure factors other than intelligence.
  • Psychometricians have sought to make intelligence tests more culture fair and valid over the years, and to make sure that they measure g, or the "general intelligence factor" thought to underly all intelligence.
  • Again, even if intelligence scores correlate with job success, this does not mean that people with high intelligence will always be successful at work.
  • They concluded that the SAT is primarily a test of g or general intelligence.

• Theories of Multiple Intelligence

  • Theories of multiple intelligence contend that intelligence cannot be measured by a single factor.
  • Today, the most widely accepted theory of intelligence is the "three stratum theory," which recognizes that there are three different levels of intelligence, all governed by the top level, g, or general intelligence factor.
  • Gardner identified eight specific intelligences and two additional tentative ones:
  • In 1986, Robert Sternberg proposed a Triarchic Theory of intelligence.
  • If a savant such as Peek was measured by Gardner's multiple intelligence theory, he would be considered to be very gifted in a subtype of intelligence, such as linguistics.

• Group Differences in Intelligence

  • Psychologists agree that intelligence differs among populations but disagree as to why this phenomenon exists.
  • The variance of intelligence scores among individual human beings can be extrapolated to larger population differences in general intelligence and mental capacity.
  • Once again, none of these factors determines intelligence alone.
  • Instead, all of them work simultaneously to help determine a group's intelligence.
  • Alfred Binet was one of the first researchers to develop a standardized test for intelligence.