Examples of instrumental aggression in the following topics:
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- These include hostile aggression (also known as affective or retaliatory aggression) and instrumental aggression (also referred to as predatory or goal-oriented aggression).
- Instrumental aggression, in contrast, is a means to an end.
- In instrumental aggression, harming the person is used to obtain some other goal, such as money.
- Some attribute the higher rates of physical aggression in the U.S. to the competitive instrumental aggression inherent in capitalism.
- It differs from instrumental aggression, which uses aggression as a means to an end.
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- The field of social psychology studies topics at both the intrapersonal level (pertaining to the individual), such as emotions and attitudes, and the interpersonal level (pertaining to groups), such as aggression and attraction.
- During the 1930s, Gestalt psychologists such as Kurt Lewin were instrumental in developing the field as something separate from the behavioral and psychoanalytic schools that were dominant during that time.
- After the war, researchers became interested in a variety of social problems including gender issues, racial prejudice, cognitive dissonance, bystander intervention, aggression, and obedience to authority.
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- For example, aggression and assertiveness have historically been emphasized as positive masculine personality traits in the United States.
- Because Western-based personality assessments cannot fully capture the personality constructs of other cultures, the indigenous model has led to the development of personality assessment instruments that are based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied (Cheung et al., 2011).
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- The children were presented with a short film in which an adult model directed aggression towards an inflatable Bobo doll.
- Three main conditions were included: a) the model-reward condition, in which the children saw a second adult give the aggressive model candy for a "championship performance"; b) the model-punished condition, in which the children saw a second adult scold the model for their aggression; and c) the no-consequence condition, in which the children simply saw the model behave aggressively.
- The Bobo-doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and studied patterns of behavior associated with aggression.
- Bandura hoped that the experiment would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory.
- The theory of social learning states that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.
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- For example, Brian is teased a lot but he rarely responds aggressively, while Josie is teased very rarely but responds aggressively every time.
- These two children might be acting aggressively the same number of times, so trait theorists would suggest that their behavior patterns—or even their personalities—are equivalent.
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- According to DSM-5 criteria, there are four categories that could be present in the child's behavior: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.
- Unlike children with conduct disorder (CD), children with oppositional defiant disorder are not aggressive toward people or animals, do not destroy property, and do not show a pattern of theft or deceit.
- Impulsive aggression is unpremeditated and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or perceived.
- verbal aggression (tantrums, verbal arguments, or fights) or physical aggression that occurs twice in a week-long period for at least three months and does not lead to destruction of property or physical injury; or
- In addition, the person must experience aggressive behavior that is grossly disproportionate to the magnitude of the psychosocial stressors.
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- For example, a psychologist may be interested in the impact of video game violence on children's aggression.
- Then the psychologist observes the children socialize afterwards to determine if the children in the "violent video game" condition behave more aggressively than the children in the "non-violent video game" condition.
- The dependent variable is the thing that we want to measure—in this case, aggressive behavior.
- Consider the example of the studying the correlation between playing violent video games and aggressive behavior.
- It would be unethical to assign children to play lots of violent video games over a long period of time to see if it had an impact on their aggression.
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- In American culture, masculine roles have traditionally been associated with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been associated with passivity, nurturing, and subordination.
- Parents often supply male children with trucks, toy guns, and superhero paraphernalia, which are active toys that promote motor skills, aggression, and solitary play.
- For example, women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing; when a woman behaves in an unfriendly or assertive manner, she may be disliked or perceived as aggressive because she has violated a gender role (Rudman, 1998).
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- Emotional reactions to problems and emotional instability—both characteristic of the hormonal changes in adolescence—have been linked with physical aggression among peers.
- Research has linked both physical and relational aggression to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, including depression.
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- Both of these typically occur with aggressive or untreated cancers.