Examples of emotion in the following topics:
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- The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently.
- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion was developed by researchers who criticized the James–Lange theory for its limited ability to account for the wide variety of emotions experienced by human beings.
- While the James–Lange theory proposes that emotions arise from physical arousal the Cannon–Bard theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994).
- According to the Cannon–Bard theory, emotional expression results from activation of the subcortical centers of the brain.
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- According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- The James–Lange theory of emotion, for instance, asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal: in essence, that the self-perception of changes in the body produce emotional experiences.
- The James–Lange theory of emotion states that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal.
- Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James–Lange theory
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- As we move through our daily lives, we experience a variety of emotions (which we often call "feelings").
- Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences of similar situations.
- That said, cultures differ in how often and under what circumstances it is "okay" to express various emotions, as well as how various expressions of emotions are interpreted.
- In many instances, such treatment may involve emotion regulation, in which people use cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence their own emotional experience.
- Over time, several different theories have been proposed to explain emotion.
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- Modern neuroscience has taken a more serviceable approach to the field of emotions.
- Although those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, cognition is an important aspect of emotion, particularly the interpretation of events.
- Several theories of emotions argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur.
- Lazarus' theory posits that emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order:
- These automatic responses are one way our emotions affect our behavior.
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- The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
- They found that injecting the drug did not lead participants to experience any given emotion.
- Contrary to the James–Lange theory, therefore, which asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal, this theory argues that bodily changes can support conscious emotional experiences but do not necessarily cause them.
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- Culture can have a profound impact on the way in which people display, perceive, and experience emotions.
- These rules may also guide how people choose to regulate their emotions, ultimately influencing an individual's emotional experience and leading to general cultural differences in the experience and display of emotion.
- It is worth noting that more complex emotions such as jealousy, love, and pride are different from these more basic emotions, as they involve awareness of the relationships between the self and other people.
- Complex emotions are therefore more likely to be dependent on cultural differences than are the seven more basic emotions.
- Give examples of universal vs. culturally dependent aspects of emotional expression
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- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- The appraisal theory of emotion, developed primarily through the work of prominent researchers Magda Arnold and Richard Lazarus, proposes that emotions are extracted from our "appraisals" (i.e., our evaluations, interpretations, and explanations) of events.
- According to Arnold, an initial appraisal begins the emotional sequence by arousing both the appropriate physiological reactions and the emotional experience itself.
- In contrast to the Schachter–Singer theory of emotions, which views emotion as an outcome of the interaction between physiological arousal and cognition, Lazarus argued that the appraisal precedes cognitive labeling, simultaneously stimulating both the physiological arousal and the emotional experience itself.
- He stressed that the quality and intensity of emotions are controlled through cognitive processes, which mediate the relationship between the person and the environment through coping strategies, which in turn are the basis of the emotional reaction.
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- However, our perceptions of our emotions are affected by culture.
- For example, research suggests that in Western cultures, the dominant social script is to maximize positive emotions and minimize negative emotions.
- Both positive and negative emotions can drive us toward or away from a thing.
- If an individual feels negative emotions toward someone, for example, then everything that person does or says will be perceived in light of that negative emotion.
- Identify examples of how emotions, goals, and culture influence our perception
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- The facial feedback hypothesis asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.
- The facial feedback hypothesis asserts facial expressions are not only the results of our emotions but are also capable of influencing our emotions.
- Research investigating the facial feedback hypothesis has found that suppressing facial expressions of emotion may decrease how intensely those emotions are experienced (Davis, Senghas, & Ochsner, 2009).
- Specifically, body language is the expression of emotion through body position and movement.
- According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions aren't simply caused by emotions—they can influence our emotions as well.
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- When we win at a sporting event, the motivation (drive) to win leads to the emotion of joy.
- This is different than the view that emotions are merely subjective.
- A mood refers to a situation where an emotion occurs frequently or continuously.
- As an example, fear is an emotion, whereas anxiety is a mood.
- There are multiple emotions which can be visually shown by expressions on the human face as natural emotions shared throughout the world: sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise, anger, and fear.