representation

Examples of representation in the following topics:

• Taxation Without Representation

  • "No Taxation without Representation" was the rallying cry of the colonists who were forced to pay the stamp, sugar, and tea taxes.
  • "No taxation without representation," a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British Colonists in the 13 colonies, was one of the major causes of the American Revolution .
  • However, during the time of the American Revolution, only 1 in 20 British citizens had representation in parliament, none of whom were part of the colonies.

• Winning an Election: Majority, Plurality, and Proportional Representation

  • Common voting systems are majority rule, proportional representation, or plurality voting with a number of criteria for the winner.
  • Common voting systems are majority rule, proportional representation, or plurality voting with a number of variations and methods such as first-past-the-post or preferential voting.
  • Proportional representation (PR) is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council.
  • Proportional representation means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received .
  • Compare and contrast the voting systems of majority rule, proportional representation and plurality voting

• Federalists and Antifederalists

  • At the Convention, the primary issue was representation of the states.
  • The more populous states wanted representation to be based on population (proportional representation).
  • The smaller states, on the other hand, supported equal representation through William Paterson's New Jersey Plan.
  • The conflict threatened to end the Convention, but Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed the "Great Compromise" (or Connecticut Compromise) under which one house of Congress would be based on proportional representation, and the other house would be based on equal representation.
  • The Three-Fifths Compromise designated that three-fifths of slave population would be counted toward representation in Congress.

• The House and the Senate: Differences in Responsibilities and Representation

  • The US Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which differ in representation, term length, power, and prestige.
  • The District of Columbia and all other territories (including territories, protectorates, etc.) are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress.
  • Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, reducing the disparity of representation.
  • The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or territories.
  • Prior to that law, general ticket representation was used by some states.

• Constituency

  • Representatives can act in two models of representation: as delegates or trustees.
  • The delegate model of representation is a model of a representative democracy.
  • On the other hand, the trustee model of representation is a model for how we should understand the role of representatives, and is frequently contrasted with the delegate model of representation.

• Debate

  • Debate is contention in argument and a method of interactive representational argument, and often occurs in Congress.
  • It is a method of interactive and representational argument.

• The Civil War Amendments

  • The amendment also defined the formula for determining political representation by apportioning representatives among states based on a count of all residents as whole persons.
  • This contrasted with the pre-Civil War compromise that counted enslaved people as three-fifth in representation enumeration.
  • Southern slave owners wanted slaves counted as whole people to increase the representation of southern states in Congress.
  • Even after the 14th Amendment, native people not paying taxes were not counted for representation.

• The 23rd Amendment

  • The 23rd Amendment would have been repealed by the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, which proposed to give the District full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral College system, and full participation in the process by which the U.S.

• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  • The contention was whether there would be equal representation for each state regardless of its size and population, or proportionate to population giving larger states more votes than less-populous states.
  • In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged.
  • The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation.

• Amending the Constitution

  • In part, the agreement defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the US Constitution.
  • It called for a bicameral legislature along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states.This agreement led to the Three-Fifths Compromise, which meant less populous Southern states were allowed to count three-fifths of all non-free people toward population counts and allocations.
  • Also, no amendment may affect the equal representation of states in the Senate without a state's consent.