race

Examples of race in the following topics:

• The 15th Amendment

  • The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits states from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race.
  • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
  • The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (for example, slavery).

• Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.

  • Six races are officially recognized: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races; a race called "Some other race" is also used in the census and other surveys, but is not official.
  • Finally, multiracial are those who check off or write in more than one race.
  • There is no actual option labeled "Two or more races" or "Multiracial" on the census and other forms; only the foregoing six races appear, and people who report more than one of them are categorized as people of "Two or more races" in subsequent processing.
  • The question on Hispanic or Latino origin is separate from the question on race.
  • Discuss the origins and characteristics of each of the races in the United States

• Clarifying Ambiguous Words

  • It is racially discriminatory treatment for the purpose of keeping the races separated.
  • The ratio of the races in some smaller institution is roughly the same as it is in a larger general population.
  • Like segregation2, integration1 involves treating people on the basis of their race.
  • Unlike segregation2, integration2 treats people on the basis of their race for the purpose of promoting racial togetherness.
  • It too is a way or basis for treating people, but unlike integration2 it does not treat anybody on the basis of race.

• The End of Affirmative Action?

  • The majority of these cases have limited universities' abilities to incorporate race into admissions .
  • After being denied admission, Jennifer Gratz filed suit on the basis that the University of Michigan's point system discriminated against her on the basis of race, as she belonged to none of the specified minority groups.
  • The Supreme Court held that the university could still consider race in college admissions, but that the University of Michigan's ranking and point system was unconstitutional because it gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than considering what a specific individual could contribute to campus life.
  • UT Austin guarantees admission to the top 10% of students in every high school class, regardless of race.
  • She contends that race plays too great of a role in the decision making for students outside of the 10% rule.

• Additional Factors: Gender, Age, Religion, Race, and Ethnicity

  • Certain factors like age, gender, race, and religion help describe why people vote and who is more likely to vote.

• Referenda on Affirmative Action

  • In California, Proposition 209 (the California Civil Rights Initiative) was passed in 1996 and amended the state constitution to prohibit state government institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education.
  • The initiative passed with 58.22% of the vote, adding the following language to Washington's laws: "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, or any individual group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting."
  • The MCRI was legislation aimed at stopping the preferential treatment of minorities (by race, color, sex, or religion) in receiving admission to colleges, jobs, and other publicly funded institutions.
  • The Nebraska Civil Rights Initiative, or Initiative 424, was a 2008 ballot measure that proposed a constitutional amendment which would prohibit the state from discriminating against or granting preferential treatment to "any individual on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting."

• Controversies Surrounding Affirmative Action

  • Proponents of affirmative action contend that affirmative action programs give minorities the same educational advantages and opportunities that should be afforded to all races and attempt to compensate for past institutional racism.
  • This argument supports the idea of solely-class based affirmative action or the idea that affirmative action programs should be instituted based on social class rather than race .
  • In all four of these states, voters demanded that state institutions, including public institutions of higher education, disband all programs that take race and ethnicity into account for admissions.
  • Each of these cases has more narrowly defined the instances in which public schools can factor race into account in admissions.

• The Civil War Amendments

  • The three amendments prohibited slavery, granted citizenship rights to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. regardless of race, and prohibited governments from infringing on voting rights based on race or past servitude.
  • This amendment prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude .
  • While the amendment provided legal protection for voting rights based on race there were other means that could be used to block Black citizens from voting.

• Continuing Challenges in Race Relations in the U.S.

  • Two issues relating to race that remain controversial are the debates surrounding affirmative action and racial profiling.
  • Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin into consideration in order to benefit underrepresented groups in areas of employment, education, and business.
  • Racial profiling refers to the use of an individual's race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest).
  • This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle and upper class people of color.

• Separate But Equal

  • Under this doctrine, services, facilities and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race on the condition that the quality of each group's public facilities was to remain equal.
  • Southern states contended that the requirement of equality could be met in a manner that kept the races separate.
  • Nonetheless, the Supreme Court ruling "[required] railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in that State to provide equal, but separate, accommodations for the white and colored races…," establishing the actual term "separate but equal" in the process.