framing

Examples of framing in the following topics:

• The Mass Media

  • Another key component in the formation of public opinion is framing.
  • Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the consumers attitude one way or the other.
  • Most political issues are heavily framed in order to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate.
  • For example, if Candidate X once voted on a bill that raised income taxes on the middle class, a framing headline would read "Candidate X Doesn't Care About the Middle Class".
  • This puts Candidate X in a negative frame to the news reader.

• Telephone and Internet Polling

  • Probability samples are highly affected by problems of non-coverage (not all members of the general population have Internet access) and frame problems (online survey invitations are most conveniently distributed using e-mail, but there are no e-mail directories of the general population that might be used as a sampling frame).
  • Because coverage and frame problems can significantly impact data quality, they should be adequately reported when disseminating the research results.
  • Due to the lack of sampling frames, many online survey invitations are published in the form of an URL link on web sites or in other media, which leads to sample selection bias that is out of research control and to non-probability samples.
  • Telephone polling is also fairly cost efficient, depending on local call charge structure, which makes it good for large national (or international) sampling frames .

• Sampling Techniques

  • In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability.
  • Where the population embraces many distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata. " Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
  • It also means that one does not need a sampling frame listing all elements in the target population.
  • Instead, clusters can be chosen from a cluster-level frame, with an element-level frame created only for the selected clusters.

• Interest Groups

  • In order to build and maintain their influence, they use tactics, such as framing the issue and shaping the terms of debate; offering information and analysis to elected representatives (who may not have the time to research the issue himself or herself); and monitoring the policy process and reacting to it through disseminating supplementary information, letter-writing campaigns, calling for additional hearings or legislation, and supporting or opposing candidates during elections.

• The Constitution

  • The last four articles frame the principle of federalism.
  • They are kept in massive, bronze-framed, bulletproof, moisture-controlled glass containers vacuum-sealed in a rotunda during the day.

• Liberty

  • On Liberty was the first work to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion.In his book, Two Concepts of Liberty, the British social and political theorist Isaiah Berlin formally framed the differences between these two perspectives as the distinction between two opposite concepts of liberty: positive liberty and negative liberty.

• Forming Political Values

  • Mass Media – Effect difficult to measure but substantial Promotes cynicism about government Agenda Setting – Telling us what to think about Framing – Tells us what to think about what is presented

• Agenda-Setting Theory

  • One of the most critical aspects in the concept of an agenda-setting role of mass communication is the time frame for this phenomenon.

• Conducting Polls

  • The topics should fit the respondents' frame of reference.

• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  • The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit.