renal

Examples of renal in the following topics:

• Supply of Blood and Nerves to the Kidneys

  • The renal veins drain the kidney and the renal arteries supply blood to the kidney.
  • Due to the position of the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the kidneys in the body, the right renal artery is normally longer than the left renal artery.
  • Renal blood supply starts with the branching of the aorta into the renal arteries (which are each named based on the region of the kidney they pass through) and ends with the exiting of the renal veins to join the inferior vena cava.
  • The renal plexus are the source of nervous tissue innervation within the kidney, which surround and primarily alter the size of the arterioles within the renal cortex.
  • The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries which branch into segmental arteries and into interlobar arteries that penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta.

• Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys

  • There are three major regions of the kidney: renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis.
  • The renal cortex is a space between the medulla and outer capsule.
  • The kidneys are surrounded by a renal cortex, a layer of tissue that is also covered by renal fascia (connective tissue) and the renal capsule.
  • The renal pelvis contains the hilium.
  • The renal pelvis connects the kidney to the rest of the body.

• Renal Disease and Failure

  • Renal failure uremia is a syndrome of renal failure characterized by elevated levels of urea and creatinine in the blood.
  • Renal failure (also kidney failure or renal insufficiency) is a medical condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood.
  • Renal failure uremia is a syndrome of renal failure that includes elevated blood urea and creatinine levels.
  • Acute renal failure can be reversed if diagnosed early.
  • It is considered to be chronic renal failure if the decline of renal function is to less than 25%.

• Glucosuria

  • Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys themselves, a condition termed renal glycosuria.
  • This point is called the renal threshold of glucose (RTG).
  • If the RTG is so low that even normal blood glucose levels produce the condition, it is referred to as renal glycosuria.
  • Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels.
  • However, in those with renal glycosuria, glucose is abnormally elevated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are the primary components of the nephrons that act as the filtering units of the kidneys.

• Renal Clearance

  • In renal physiology, the clearance is a measurement of the renal excretion ability, which measures the amount of plasma from which a substance is removed from the body over an interval of time.
  • Renal clearance depends mainly on GFR, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion.
  • If any of those variables change, the renal clearance rate of a substance will change as well.
  • These other forms of clearance are generally relatively minor compared to renal clearance.
  • Describe how clearance is a measure of the renal excretion ability

• Overview of the Urinary System

  • The renal system organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
  • The  renal system has many functions.
  • The kidneys have extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein.
  • The nephrons are made up of a capsule capillaries (the glomerulus) and a small renal tube.
  • The female and male renal system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.

• Renal Calculi

  • Renal calculi are kidney stones, or crystal aggregates of minerals which would normally be excreted in urine.
  • Ureteral obstruction causes postrenal azotemia and hydronephrosis (distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces), as well as spasm of the ureter.
  • This leads to pain, most commonly felt in the flank (the area between the ribs and hip), lower abdomen, and groin (a condition called renal colic).
  • Renal colic can be associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, blood in the urine, pus in the urine, and painful urination.
  • Renal colic typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes, beginning in the flank or lower back, and often radiating to the groin or genitals.

• Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney)

  • Nephroptosis, also called floating kidney or renal ptosis, is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up.
  • The renal fascia is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.
  • The deeper layers below the renal fascia are, in order, the adipose capsule of the kidney (or perirenal fat), the renal capsule and finally the parenchyma of the renal cortex.
  • Anterior attachment: Passes anterior to the kidney, renal vessels, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava and fuses with the anterior layer of the renal fascia of the opposite kidney.
  • The attack of colic pain is called Dittel's crisis or renal paroxysm.

• Location and External Anatomy of the Kidneys

  • The kidneys are the primary functional organ of the renal system.
  • They are covered by the renal capsule, which is a tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue.
  • Resting on top of each kidney is an adrenal gland (adrenal meaning on top of renal), which are involved in some renal system processes despite being a primarily endocrine organ.
  • The renal artery branches off from the lower part of the aorta and provides the blood supply to the kidneys.
  • Renal veins take blood away from the kidneys into the inferior vena cava.

• Glomerular Diseases

  • A glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.
  • A glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic filtration unit of the kidney.
  • The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and, thus, the measure of the overall renal function.
  • Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.
  • It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood or protein in the urine), or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure.