musculoskeletal system

Examples of musculoskeletal system in the following topics:

• Overview of the Musculoskeletal System

  • The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that enables an organism to move, support itself, and maintain stability during locomotion.
  • The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals (including humans) the ability to move, using the muscular and skeletal systems.
  • The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together.
  • The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.
  • Only skeletal and smooth muscles are considered part of the musculoskeletal system.

• Fibromyalgia

  • Historically, fibromyalgia was considered a musculoskeletal disorder, but it is now considered a disorder of the central nervous system.

• Sjögren's Syndrome

  • Sjögren's syndrome, also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome," is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.
  • In addition, Sjögren's syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness, and can affect other organs of the body, including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, peripheral nervous system and the brain.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to treat musculoskeletal symptoms.

• Organ Transplants

  • Tissues capable of transplantation include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), corneas, skin grafts, heart valves, and veins.
  • The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are among the most commonly transplanted tissues.

• Impingement Syndrome

  • Corticosteroids actually cause musculoskeletal disorders, which explains the low success rate of cortisone injections.

• Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS, see ) is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
  • The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and also mediates involuntary reflex arcs.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • It is classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.

• Parasympathetic Responses

  • The parasympathetic nervous system regulates organ and gland function during rest and is considered a slowly activated, dampening system.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS, or occasionally PNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (shown in ).
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS, or visceral nervous system, or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • The sympathetic nervous system can be considered a quick response, mobilizing system; and the parasympathetic a more slowly activated dampening system.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system, shown in blue, is a division of the autonomic nervous system.

• Overview of the Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that act at a distance.
  • The endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried long distances to other target organs regulating key body and organ functions.
  • Endocrine signalling is typically slow to initiate but is prolonged in response, providing a counterpoint to the more rapid and short lived nervous system signals.
  • The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system which features ducted glands which secrete substances onto an epithelial surface for example a sweat gland.
  • The endocrine systems found in the head and neck include the hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary and thyroid glands.

• Structure of the Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and associated lymphoid organs.
  • In a sense, it is a circulatory system for lymph fluid and the site of many key immune system functions.
  • The structure of the lymphatic system facilitates these general roles.
  • The lymphatic vessels are the lymphatic system equivalent to the blood vessels of the circulatory system and drains fluid from the circulatory system.
  • The lymphatic system is an active pumping system with active pumping segments with a function similar to that of peristalsis.

• Organization of the Nervous System

  • A nervous system is what allows us to react to the changing environment around us.
  • The nervous system is an organ system that coordinates our actions by transmitting signals between different parts of our bodies.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and retina.
  • Along with neurons, the nervous system relies on the function of other specialized cells called glial cells, or glia, that provide structural and metabolic support to the nervous system.
  • Gross organization of the nervous system, with the peripheral nervous system, the spinal, and the cortical levels.