Examples of glucose in the following topics:
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- Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine .
- Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream.
- When the blood glucose level exceeds about 160 – 180 mg/dl, the proximal tubule becomes overwhelmed and begins to excrete glucose in the urine.
- This point is called the renal threshold of glucose (RTG).
- With normal kidney (renal) function, glucose is excreted in the urine only when there are abnormally elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
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- Liver and muscle cells convert glucose to glycogen, for short term storage, and adipose cells convert glucose to fat.
- In response, glucose concentration decreases in the blood, and insulin secretion discontinues through negative feedback from declining levels of glucose.
- Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose .
- The glucose in the liver originates from the breakdown of glycogen.
- Glucagon is a pancreatic peptide hormone that, as a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, stimulates glucose release by the liver and maintains glucose homeostasis.
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- Normal insulin secretion and blood levels are closely related to the level of glucose in the blood, so that a given level of insulin can be normal for one blood glucose level but low or high for another.
- Also known as Hyperglycæmia, or high blood sugar, this is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.
- This is generally a glucose level higher than (200 mg/dl).
- Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar (not to be confused with hyperglycemia) is an abnormally-diminished content of glucose in the blood.
- Most healthy adults maintain fasting glucose levels above 4.0 mmol/L (72 mg/dl), and develop symptoms of hypoglycemia when the glucose falls below 4 mmol/L.
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- Carbohydrates, which break down to glucose, are a major source of energy for humans, but are not an essential nutrient.
- The brain and neurons generally cannot burn fat for energy but use solely glucose or ketones.
- Glucose is a nearly universal and accessible source of calories .
- Many organisms also have the ability to metabolize other monosaccharides and disaccharides, though glucose is preferred.
- Image of a glucose molecule containing a fixed ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
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- This is accomplished via increased glucose levels from glucagon and decreased glucose levels from insulin.
- Combined deficiency of insulin and glucagon results in an initial drop in plasma glucose levels, but is followed by an increase in plasma glucose levels.
- Changes in plasma glucose concentrations also result from changes in glucose production, but not from glucose utilization.
- Both scenarios result in much higher plasma glucose concentrations.
- Increases in plasma glucose levels are ultimately followed by plateaus.
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- During long periods of fasting, glucose levels are reduced only very slightly.
- Insulin, a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, transports glucose to the body's cells to take glucose from the bloodstream for use in cellular metabolic function.
- If the glucose inside the cells is high, the cells will convert it to the insoluble glycogen to prevent the soluble glucose from interfering with cellular metabolism.
- Another hormone called glucagon performs the opposite function of insulin, by causing cells to convert glycogen to glucose and stimulating new production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) to raise the amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
- This image illustrates glucose metabolism over the course of a day.
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- Glucagon is a peptide hormone that works in conjunction with insulin to maintain a stable blood glucose level.
- Glucagon is a peptide hormone that works in conjunction with insulin to maintain a stable blood glucose level.
- In situations of high blood glucose, or hyperglycemia, insulin takes over, stimulating the storage of excess blood glucose in the form of glycogen for later use.
- However, when blood glucose levels fall, it is the duty of glucagon to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown, whereby replenishing glucose levels in the blood and inhibit glycolysis.
- Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood.
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- In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains of polysaccharide called amylose.
- During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose.
- This process produces the simple sugars glucose and maltose (two glucose molecules), which can be absorbed by the small intestine.
- Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose, which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.
- Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into its component parts, glucose and galactose, which can also be absorbed by the small intestine.
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- Increased liver metabolism is also seen, with increased gluconeogenesis leading to increased maternal glucose levels.
- Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during the third trimester).
- Diagnostic tests detect inappropriately high levels of glucose in blood samples.
- Gestational diabetes is a treatable condition and women who have adequate control of glucose levels can effectively decrease these risks.
- These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5) and fatty acid synthesis (6).
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- The fuel used for this process is glucose.
- Simple sugars are sent to the liver where they are converted to glucose.
- The glucose then travels to the blood or is converted to glycogen and fat (triglyceride) for energy storage.
- The remaining glucose is taken in for use by body cells or stored in skeletal muscle as glycogen.