effector

Examples of effector in the following topics:

• Clonal Selection and T-Cell Differentiation

  • Antigens are "selected" to form clones of themselves, both memory and effector.
  • The increased binding affinity may be the reason why memory cells can eliminate a pathogen more rapidly than the original generation of effector cells.
  • Cloned daughter cells differentiate into either effector T cells or memory T cells.
  • Cytotoxic effector T cells are finished, but helper T cells continue to differentiate into individual subsets of helper T cells.
  • Additionally, Th17, which only differentiates from effector cells if certain cytokines are present, are important in regulating and inhibiting T-reg cell activity.

• Homeostatic Control

  • An effector is any organ or tissue that receives information from the integrating center and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.
  • The sensors, integrating center, and effectors are the basic components of every homeostatic response.
  • The hypothalamus then sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys which all act as effectors in blood pressure regulation.
  • The hypothalamus then signals several effectors to maintain the human body's temperature set point (37 degrees celcius).
  • Conversely if the body's temperature is below the set point, effectors such as muscles will shiver to generate heat and the blood vessels undergo vasoconstriction to retain heat in the body.

• The Synapse

  • A synapse is a structural junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from one neuron to an effector cell as in muscle or gland.
  • In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to an effector cell.

• Direct Gene Activation and the Second-Messenger System

  • Hydrophobic molecules are water-insoluble molecules which are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the intermembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins.
  • The G-protein functions as a "transducer. " Upon binding to the receptor, it releases a GTP molecule, at which point the alpha subunit of the G-protein breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits and is able to move along the inner membrane until it contacts another membrane-bound protein: the "primary effector. " The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell.
  • This signal is called the"secondary messenger. " The secondary messenger may then activate a "secondary effector" whose effects depend on the particular secondary messenger system.

• Postganglionic Neurons

  • In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.
  • In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers .
  • The postsynaptic cell then goes on to innervate the targeted end effector (i.e. gland, smooth muscle, etc.).

• Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing

  • Negative feedback responses have three main components, the sensor, the integrating sensor, and the effector.
  • For the respiratory rate, the chemoreceptors are the sensors for blood pH, the medulla (and pons) is the integrating center, and the respiratory muscles are the effector.

• Functions of the Nervous System

  • The nervous system activates effector organs such as muscles and glands to cause a response called the motor input.

• Specific T-Cell Roles

  • They rapidly proliferate to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections.
  • Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells), which have different properties and release different cytokines.
  • Effector memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+, and will produce either helper or cytotoxic T cells in a secondary immune response.

• Pituitary Gland Disorders

  • In response to the releasing hormone rate, the anterior pituitary produces its hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH) that stimulate effector hormone glands in the body, although prolactin acts directly on the breast gland.
  • Once the effector glands produce sufficient hormones (thyroxine, cortisol, estradiol or testosterone and IGF-1), both the hypothalamus and the pituitary cells sense their abundance and reduce their secretion of stimulating hormones.
  • Generally, the finding of a combination of a low pituitary hormone together with a low hormone from the effector gland is indicative of hypopituitarism.

• Aging and the Immune System

  • The age-associated impairment of dendritic Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) has profound implications as this translates into a deficiency in cell-mediated immunity and thus, the inability for effector T-lymphocytes to modulate an adaptive immune response.
  • the accumulation and the clonal expansion of memory and effector T-cells