diabetes mellitus

Examples of diabetes mellitus in the following topics:

• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetes mellitus type 1 results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas and is potentially fatal.
  • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, T1DM, formerly insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
  • Eventually, type 1 diabetes is fatal unless treated with insulin.
  • Type 1 diabetes is not currently preventable.
  • Untreated type 1 diabetes commonly leads to coma, often from diabetic ketoacidosis, which is fatal if untreated.

• Urinary Incontinence

  • One of the symptoms of urinary incontinence is polyuria (excessive urine production) which in turn is caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
  • Polyuria (excessive urine production) of which, in turn, the most frequent causes are: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

• Insulin Secretion and Regulation of Glucagon

  • When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus can result.
  • As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus.
  • Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally.
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant and, because of such resistance, they may suffer from a relative insulin deficiency.
  • Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately.

• Metabolic Changes

  • Protein and carbohydrate metabolism are affected during pregnancy and maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • Maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
  • Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during the third trimester).
  • Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function properly.
  • Gestational diabetes generally has few symptoms and it is most commonly diagnosed by screening during pregnancy.

• Pancreatic Cancer

  • Diabetes mellitus, or elevated blood sugar levels.
  • Many patients develop diabetes months to even years before they are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, suggesting new onset diabetes in an elderly individual may be an early warning sign.
  • Diabetes mellitus is both a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and as noted earlier, new onset diabetes can be an early sign of the disease.

• Glucosuria

  • Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus.

• Coronary Artery Disease

  • Hypercholesterolemia (specifically, serum LDL concentrations), smoking, hypertension (high systolic pressure seems to be most significant in this regard), hyperglycemia (due to diabetes mellitus or otherwise), and high levels of lipoprotein, a compound formed when LDL cholesterol combines with a substance known as apoliprotein.
  • Risk factors can be classified as fixed, such as age, sex, and family history, or modifiable, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
  • It is mainly based on age, gender, diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and systolic blood pressure.
  • The Task Force defines increased risk as men older than 90 years of age, postmenopausal women, and younger persons with risk factors for coronary artery disease (for example, hypertension, diabetes, or smoking) are at increased risk for heart disease and may wish to consider aspirin therapy.

• Fluids and Aging

  • Type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common among young people, particularly those who are overweight.
  • Although diabetic nephropathy is generally more common among older diabetics, occurring 10 - 20 years after onset of diabetes, half of all Pima Indians with Type 2 diabetes have developed diabetic nephropathy by age 20.
  • Chronic conditions that can produce nephropathy include systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure (hypertension), which lead to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy, respectively.

• Pancreatic Islet Disorders: Diabetes and Hyperinsulinism

  • The most common forms of hypoglycemia occur as a complication of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin or oral medications.
  • Hypoglycemia is less common in non-diabetic persons, but can occur at any age.

• Physical Characteristics of Urine

  • For example, urine of diabetics may have a sweet or fruity odor due to the presence of ketones (organic molecules of a particular structure) or glucose.
  • These problems may seem superficial or minor on their own, but can actually be the symptoms for more serious diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, or a damaged glomerulus.