Autonomic

Examples of Autonomic in the following topics:

• Control of Autonomic Nervous System Function

  • The medulla oblongata, in the lower half of the brainstem, is the control center of the autonomic nervous system.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system which acts to control involuntary functions which are critical for survival.
  • The medulla's main functions are to control the cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor centers, to mediate autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, and to regulate reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting and swallowing.
  • The hypothalamus acts to integrate autonomic functions and receives autonomic regulatory feedback from the limbic system to do so.
  • The medulla is a subregion of the brainstem and is a major control center for the autonomic nervous system.

• Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) contains two subdivisions; the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is classically divided into two subsystems (see : the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.
  • In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons connect the CNS to the ganglion.
  • Distinguish between the parasympathetic and sympathetic subsystems of the autonomic nervous system

• Autonomic Dysreflexia

  • Autonomic dysreflexia is an acute reaction of the autonomic nervous system to overstimulation in patients with previous spinal cord injury.
  • Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), also known as autonomic hyperreflexia, is a potentially life threatening condition that can be considered a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
  • Acute AD is a reaction of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system to overstimulation.
  • These stimuli are interrupted in their journey to the brain due to a transection of the spine result in a paradoxical stimulation of autonomic pathways of the autonomic nervous system.
  • Autonomic dysreflexia is abolished temporarily by spinal or general anesthesia.

• Autonomic Reflexes

  • Autonomic reflexes are unconscious motor reflexes relayed from organs and glands to the CNS through visceral afferent signaling.
  • An example of referred pain from an autonomic reflex arc occurs when the bowel is suddenly distended.
  • Most autonomic functions are involuntary but a number of ANS actions can work alongside some degree of conscious control.
  • The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving ANS regulatory input from the limbic system to do so.
  • The enteric nervous system is also sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.

• Autonomic Plexuses

  • Autonomic plexuses are formed from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers and innervate visceral organs to regulate overall activity.
  • Autonomic plexuses are formed from sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons.
  • Instead they provide a complex innervation pattern to the target organs, since most organs are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
  • Pulmonary: The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk.
  • The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus(es).

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls visceral functions such as heart rate and digestion.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions .
  • These have been found to be integral in autonomic function, particularly in the gut and the lungs.
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.
  • An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

• Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division

  • Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system which lie near or within the organs they innervate.
  • Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, blue fibers).
  • The parasympathetic nervous system, shown in blue, is a division of the autonomic nervous system.
  • Describe features of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

• Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS, see ) is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.

• Parasympathetic Responses

  • The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS, or occasionally PNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (shown in ).
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS, or visceral nervous system, or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system, shown in blue, is a division of the autonomic nervous system.

• Autonomic Interactions

  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems cooperatively modulate internal physiology to maintain homeostasis.
  • In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons connect the CNS to the ganglion.
  • Describe the interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system