ozone layer

Examples of ozone layer in the following topics:

• Geomagnetism

  • These particles would strip away the ozone layer, which protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.
  • This region protects Earth from cosmic rays that would strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects our planet from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

• Ultraviolet Light

  • In addition to short wave UV blocked by oxygen, a great deal (>97%) of mid-range ultraviolet (almost all UV above 280 nm and most up to 315 nm) is blocked by the ozone layer, and like ionizing short wave UV, would cause much damage to living organisms if it penetrated the atmosphere.
  • Most UV-B and all UV-C is absorbed by ozone (O3) molecules in the upper atmosphere.
  • Most UV wavelengths are absorbed by oxygen and ozone in Earth's atmosphere.

• Problems

  • Let us assume that the helium layer has a mass, $dM$, and that the energy generation rate for helium burning is given by
  • How much power does the helium layer generate as a function of $dM$?
  • This is the thickness of a layer in thermal equilibrium.
  • Let's assume that the potential burst starts by the temperature in the accreted layer jiggling up by a wee bit.
  • If the surface luminosity increases faster with temperature than the helium burning rate, then the layer is stable.

• LCDs

  • LCD displays are made up of numerous layers.
  • A typical layer is diagrammed in .
  • Each pixel of an LCD consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes and two polarizing films, and the actual liquid crystals are between these polarizing filters.
  • When the electric field is applied, the crystals in the center layer untwist, and the light is completely blocked from passing through and those pixels will appear black.
  • (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced with a light source. )

• Infrared Waves

  • Most UV wavelengths are absorbed by oxygen and ozone in Earth's atmosphere.

• Visible Light

  • Most UV wavelengths are absorbed by oxygen and ozone in Earth's atmosphere.

• B.14 Chapter 12

  • How much power does the helium layer generate as a function of $dM$?
  • This is the thickness of a layer in thermal equilibrium.
  • Let's assume that the potential burst starts by the temperature in the accreted layer jiggling up by a wee bit.
  • Calculate the value of $dM$ for which $dP_\text{helium}/dT$ exceeds $dL_\text{surface}/dT$ and the layer bursts.
  • The layer thicknesses are

• The Human Eye

  • Middle Layer - composed of the choroid, ciliary body and iris.
  • Innermost Layer - the retina, which can be seen with an instrument called the ophthalmoscope.
  • Once you are inside these three layers, there is the aqueous humor (clear fluid that is contained in the anterior chamber and posterior chamber), vitreous body (clear jelly that is much bigger than the aqueous humor), and the flexible lens.
  • The image passes through several layers of the eye, but happens in a way very similar to that of a convex lens.
  • Layers of tissues with varying indices of refraction in the lens are shown here.

• Poiseuille's Equation and Viscosity

  • It is characterized by the flow of a fluid in parallel layers, in which there is no disruption or interaction between the different layers, and in which each layer flows at a different velocity along the same direction.
  • The variation in velocity between adjacent parallel layers is due to the viscosity of the fluid and resulting shear forces.
  • This figure (see ) gives a representation of the relative magnitudes of the velocity vectors of each of these layers for laminar fluid flow through a circular pipe, in a direction parallel to the pipe axis.

• Nerve Conduction and Electrocardiograms

  • Diffusion of K+ and Cl− thus creates the layers of positive and negative charge on the outside and inside of the membrane, and the Coulomb force prevents the ions from diffusing across in their entirety .
  • Once the charge layer has built up, the repulsion of like charges prevents more from moving across, and the attraction of unlike charges prevents more from leaving either side.
  • The result is two layers of charge right on the membrane, with diffusion being balanced by the Coulomb force.
  • This results in a layer of positive charge on the outside, a layer of negative charge on the inside, and thus a voltage across the cell membrane.