vaccination

Examples of vaccination in the following topics:

• Vaccine Safety

  • Vaccines carry risks, ranging from rashes or tenderness at the site of injection to fever-associated seizures.
  • Vaccines are biological products with biological effects.
  • Some speculate that children with metabolic disorders might be prone to vaccine side effects.
  • Safer vaccines and manufacturing processes are also in the works.
  • These include current smallpox vaccines that cannot safely be given to immunocompromised people; the tuberculosis vaccine, which is not recommended for HIV-positive infants; and the yellow-fever vaccine, which puts elderly people at particular risk of a yellow-fever-like illness.

• Vaccination

  • Vaccination is a proven way to prevent and even eradicate widespread outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases.
  • Global mass vaccination drives have met with enormous success in reducing the incidence of many diseases.
  • Another consideration is that the newer vaccination programs also protect older age groups.
  • By these vaccinated children not contracting these diseases, their parents, grandparents, friends and relatives (not vaccinated against these diseases themselves) will also be protected.
  • Describe how active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure or by vaccination

• Development of New Vaccines

  • New vaccines are being developed to control recent infectious disease epidemics and cancers.
  • A number of new vaccines with major potential for controlling infectious diseases have just been licensed or are at advanced stages of development.
  • Continuing intensive efforts are under way to develop effective vaccines for AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, leishmaniasis, and enteric diseases, among others and to adapt new technologies to improve formulation and delivery.
  • Gardasil is a human papillomavirus vaccine on the market and it protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18 which cause 70% of cervical cancers, 80% of anal cancers, 60% of vaginal cancers, and 40% of vulvar cancers.
  • Describe how new vaccines are being developed to help eradicate several infectious global diseases

• Genetically Engineered Vaccines

  • Despite the early success demonstrated with the hepatitis B vaccine, no other recombinant engineered vaccine has been approved for use in humans.
  • It is unlikely that a recombinant vaccine will be developed to replace an existing licensed human vaccine with a proven record of safety and efficacy.
  • This is due to the economic reality of making vaccines for human use.
  • Genetically engineered subunit vaccines are more costly to manufacture than conventional vaccines, since the antigen must be purified to a higher standard than was demanded of older, conventional vaccines.
  • This can be attributed to these vaccines being held to a higher degree of purity than was traditionally done for an earlier generation of licensed subunit vaccines.

• The Future of Diagnostic Immunology

  • The future of diagnostic immunology lies in the production of specific antibody-based assays and the development of improved vaccines.
  • Interestingly, no matter what the areas of expertise, vaccine development and understanding how vaccines work pose the greatest challenges.
  • The vaccines currently used primarily generate an antibody response, which is able to attack free-moving pathogens, but is unable to fight bacteria and viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • In the cancer research field, vaccines that stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells are undergoing clinical trials.

• Public Health Measures for Disease Control

  • Promotion of hand washing, breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations, and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures.
  • Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
  • Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection.
  • The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine.
  • Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world.

• Rabies

  • Treatment with human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine is highly successful if administered before the onset of symptoms.
  • In the U.S., animal control and vaccination programs have effectively eliminated domestic dogs as reservoirs of rabies.
  • In the U.S., the widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments has dropped the number of recorded human deaths from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century, to one to two per year (mostly caused by bat bites).
  • Modern cell-based vaccines are similar to flu shots in terms of pain and side effects.
  • The old nerve-tissue-based vaccinations that require multiple painful injections into the abdomen with a large needle are cheap, but are being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal vaccination regimens.

• Natural Active Immunity

  • In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.
  • Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed .
  • Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed.

• Medical Importance of Viruses

  • Among these are the sudden emergence of the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continued transmission of an avian influenza virus to humans ("bird flu"), and the isolation of poliovirus vaccine-wild type recombinants that have hampered poliovirus eradication efforts.
  • Vaccination remains the preferred strategy for controlling viral diseases because the intimate association of viruses with the host cellular machinery complicates the development of safe drugs.
  • However, certain viruses have proven difficult targets for vaccines, and antiviral drugs provide the only option for controlling disease.

• Adherence

  • The Bordetella pertussis adhesins FHA and pertactin are components of 3 of the 4 acellular pertussis vaccines currently licensed for use in the U.S.
  • Adhesins are attractive vaccine candidates because they are often essential to infection and are surface-located, making them readily accessible to antibodies.
  • In animal models, passive immunization with anti FimH-antibodies and vaccination with the protein significantly reduced colonization by UPEC.
  • Moreover, the Bordetella pertussis adhesins FHA and pertactin are components of 3 of the 4 acellular pertussis vaccines currently licensed for use in the U.S.