synthesize

(verb)

To combine two or more things to produce a new, more complex product.

Related Terms

Examples of synthesize in the following topics:

  • Synthesizing DNA

    • DNA must be synthesized to study genes, the sequence of genomes, and many other studies.
    • Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis is carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction.
    • The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized.
    • Artificial gene synthesis is the process of synthesizing a gene in vitro without the need for initial template DNA samples.
    • In contrast, natural DNA replication requires existing DNA templates for synthesizing new DNA.

  • Vitamins and Amino Acids

    • Microorganisms and plants can synthesize many uncommon amino acids and vitamins.
    • Microorganisms and plants can synthesize many uncommon amino acids.
    • Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called phytonadione), is synthesized by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis.
    • Describe how microorganisms and plants can synthesize many uncommon amino acids and vitamins

  • Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics

    • While there exists a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term nonribosomal peptide typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article.
    • Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of messenger RNA.
    • Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide.
    • Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by one or more specialized nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) enzymes.
    • It is synthesized by a single 1.6MDa NRPS.

  • Amino Acid Synthesis

    • Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids, but most bacteria and plants can synthesize all 20.
    • Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids.
    • Most bacteria and plants can synthesize all 20.
    • All amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway.

  • Chemoautotrophs and Chemoheterotrophs

    • Chemoautotrophs are able to synthesize their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide.
    • Chemoheterotrophs, unlike chemoautotrophs, are unable to synthesize their own organic molecules.
    • Instead, these organisms must ingest preformed carbon molecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids, synthesized by other organisms.

  • Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

    • Polysaccharides are synthesized from two forms of activated glucose molecules: UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose.
    • When the cells are grown on a carbon source different than glucose, then polysaccharides are synthesized using a different pathway.

  • Aerobic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

    • Biosurfactants are surface-active substances synthesized by living cells.
    • Several microorganisms are known to synthesize surface-active agents; most of them are bacteria and yeasts.
    • When grown on hydrocarbon substrate as the carbon source, these microorganisms synthesize a wide range of chemicals with surface activity, such as glycolipid, phospholipid, and others.
    • These chemicals are synthesized to emulsify the hydrocarbon substrate and facilitate its transport into the cells.

  • Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis

    • Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring.
    • Diagram depicting the failure of bacterial cell division in the presence of a cell wall synthesis inhibitor (e.g. penicillin, vancomycin).1- Penicillin (or other cell wall synthesis inhibitor) is added to the growth medium with a dividing bacterium.2- The cell begins to grow, but is unable to synthesize new cell wall to accommodate the expanding cell.3- As cellular growth continues, cytoplasm covered by plasma membrane begins to squeeze out through the gap(s) in the cell wall.4- Cell wall integrity is further violated.
    • The cell continues to increase in size, but is unable to "pinch off" the extra cytoplasmic material into two daughter cells because the formation of a division furrow depends on the ability to synthesize new cell wall.5- The cell wall is shed entirely, forming a spheroplast, which is extremely vulnerable relative to the original cell.

  • Antiviral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors

    • The similarity is good enough to ensure its incorporation into the newly synthesized DNA chain.
    • After administration, the molecule gets activated by phosphorylation both by viral and host cell kinases and the resulting nucleotide incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA resulting in premature chain termination.
    • Acyclovir does not contain a sugar molecule with a 3'-OH group and will interrupt the synthesis of a newly synthesized nucleotide chain if added to it.

  • Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis

    • In addition to DNA polymerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA by adding nucleotides matched to the template strand, a number of other proteins are associated with the fork and assist in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis.
    • Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands.