secondary structure

Examples of secondary structure in the following topics:

• Gene Families

  • Furthermore, knowledge of the protein's secondary structure gives further information about ancestry, since the organization of secondary structural elements presumably would be conserved even if the amino acid sequence changes considerably.

• Viroids

  • The genome of virusoids consists of several hundred nucleotides and only encodes structural proteins.
  • Virusoids are similar to viroids in size, structure, and means of replication.
  • Their secondary structure is key to their biological activity.
  • black - secondary structure of the viroid red - GAAAC sequence common to all viroids yellow - central conservative sequence blue - nucleotide numbers
  • Relate the structure and replication of a viroid to its ability to cause diseases in plants

• RNA Bacteriophages

  • They adopt a secondary structure consisting of a six-stranded beta sheet and an alpha helix.

• Polyketide Antibiotics

  • Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • Secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group.
  • Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavorings, and recreational drugs.
  • Polyketides are structurally a very diverse family of natural products with diverse biological activities and pharmacological properties.

• Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics

  • Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites which can function as antibiotics.
  • Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
  • Nonribosomal peptides often have a cyclic and/or branched structures, can contain non-proteinogenic amino acids including D-amino acids, carry modifications like N-methyl and N-formyl groups, or are glycosylated, acylated, halogenated, or hydroxylated.
  • Due to these structural and mechanistic similarities, some nonribosomal peptide synthetases contain polyketide synthase modules for the insertion of acetate or propionate-derived subunits into the peptide chain.

• Primary and Secondary Metabolites

  • Primary and secondary metabolites are often used in industrial microbiology for the production of food, amino acids, and antibiotics.
  • Metabolites can be categorized into both primary and secondary metabolites.
  • Atropine, derived from various plants, is a secondary metabolite with important use in the clinic.
  • Antibiotics such as erythromcyin and bacitracin are also considered to be secondary metabolites.
  • Lastly, another example of an antibiotic which is classified as a secondary metabolite is bacitracin.

• Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus

  • HSV-1 undergoes a process of primary and secondary envelopment.
  • Structure of the conserved core of the herpes simplex virus transcriptional regulatory protein VP16.

• Wastewater and Sewage Treatment

  • Wastewater is treated in 3 phases: primary (solid removal), secondary (bacterial decomposition), and tertiary (extra filtration).
  • Sewage treatment is done in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment .
  • These layers are then removed and then the remaining liquid can be sent to secondary treatment.
  • Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter, often using microorganisms in a controlled environment.
  • Several methods can be used to further disinfect sewage beyond primary and secondary treatment.

• Cells and Organs of the Immune System

  • The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.
  • The spleen is similar in structure to a large lymph node and acts primarily as a blood filter.

• Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.
  • Distinction between primary versus secondary immunodeficiencies are based on, respectively, whether the cause originates in the immune system itself or is, in turn, due to insufficiency of a supporting component of it or an external decreasing factor of it.
  • Secondary immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired immunodeficiencies, can result from various immunosuppressive agents, for example, malnutrition, aging and particular medications (e.g., chemotherapy, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, glucocorticoids).