primary response

Examples of primary response in the following topics:

• Serology

  • Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease).
  • A primary immune response occurs when a B cell sees an antigen for the first time.
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody produced during the primary immune response and plays a significant role fighting infection.
  • These memory cells will remember all specific pathogens encountered during the animal's lifetime and can thus call forth a strong response if the pathogen ever invades the body again.

• Making Memory B Cells

  • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following primary infection.
  • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following a primary infection .
  • In the wake of the first (primary response) infection involving a particular antigen, the responding naïve cells (ones which have never been exposed to the antigen) proliferate to produce a colony of cells.
  • Thus, a stronger (basically, larger number of antibody molecules) and more specific antibody production is the hallmark of secondary antibody response.
  • The fact that all the cells of a single clone elaborate one (and only one) paratope, and that the memory cells survive for long periods, is what imparts a memory to the immune response.

• Natural Active Immunity

  • Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
  • Once a microbe penetrates the body's skin, mucous membranes, or other primary defenses, it interacts with the immune system.
  • The adaptive immune response generated against the pathogen takes days or weeks to develop but may be long-lasting, or even lifelong.
  • Wild infection, for example with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and subsequent recovery, gives rise to a natural active immune response usually leading to lifelong protection.
  • In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen.
  • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
  • If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
  • Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.
  • Generalize the role of the innate and adaptive immune system in regards to antibody response

• Prochlorophytes

  • Picoplankton are responsible for the majority of the primary productivity in oligotrophic gyres, and are different from nanoplankton and microplankton.
  • These organisms might be responsible for a significant portion of the global primary production.

• Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing, or does not function properly.
  • The precise symptoms of a primary immunodeficiency depend on the type of defect.
  • Tests for T cell function: skin tests for delayed-type hypersensitivity, cell responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells, cytokine production by cells
  • The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends foremost on the nature of the abnormality.
  • Describe primary immunodeficiency disorders and explain what treatment options are available

• Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.
  • Primary Immunodeficiency is also known as "congenital immunodeficiencies. " Many of these disorders are hereditary and are autosomal recessive or X-linked.
  • There are over 80 recognized primary immunodeficiency syndromes; they are generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as lymphocytes or granulocytes.
  • The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics, and (in some cases) stem cell transplantation.
  • HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.

• Arthropods as Vectors

  • These arthropods are responsible for the transmission of numerous diseases.
  • Pool feeders, which include both the sand and black fly, responsible for Leishmaniasis and Onchocerciasis diseases, will chew the hosts skin.
  • In the case of sand flies, responsible for Leishmaniasis, the parasites infect the host through the saliva.
  • In the case of black flies, responsible for Onchocerciasis, the parasites are forced out of the insects head into the pool of blood.
  • The oriental rat flea is an example of an arthropod vector as it is the primary vector of plague.

• The Phosphorus Cycle

  • Much of the phosphorous is then converted to organic phosphorous, and primary productivity then declines.
  • As phosphorous levels begin to increase at the end of the summer, primary plants and algae begin to rapidly grow again.
  • The bright green color of the water is the result of algae blooms in response to the addition of phosphorous based fertilizers.

• Cells and Organs of the Immune System

  • The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • Bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes.
  • Mast cells reside in connective tissues and mucous membranes, and regulate the inflammatory response.
  • There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell, which kills cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens) or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional, and the helper T cell, which regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and helps determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen.