cytopathic effect

Examples of cytopathic effect in the following topics:

• Tissue Culture of Animal Viruses

  • Rotation is optimal for the isolation of respiratory viruses and result in an earlier appearance of the cytopathic effects (CPE) for many viruses .

• Effects of Drug Combinations

  • Pharmacodynamics is the field that attempts to understand the unintended effects of the use of two or more drugs.
  • It also looks at the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.
  • Interactions between alcohol and certain antibacterials may occur, cause side-effects, and decrease effectiveness of antibacterial therapy.
  • Potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibacterial administered.
  • Additionally, when dealing with a microbial infection, sometimes the use of two or more antibiotics can effectively combat the infection while each drug individually has little or no effect.

• Organ Toxicity

  • The use of antimicrobial drugs can have many unintended side-effects.
  • Some of the toxic effects can be more benign, as is the case with ototoxicity, or damage to the ear.
  • This can lead to any number of psychological effects from mild cognitive dysfunction (brain fog) to more severe effects, such as hallucinations and suicidal thoughts.
  • While a few specific examples have been outlined here, toxic effects are not limited to the organs mentioned.
  • Outline the two major types of organ toxicity and their effects, recognizing additional types of toxicity

• Types of Disinfectants

  • Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous action.
  • Alcohol is only partly effective against most non-enveloped viruses (such as hepatitis A), and is not at all effective against fungal and bacterial spores.
  • The synergistic effect of 29.4% ethanol with dodecanoic acid is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
  • Some concentrated formulations have been shown to be effective low-level disinfectants.
  • Typically, quats do not exhibit effectiveness against difficult to kill non-enveloped viruses such as norovirus, rotavirus, or polio virus.

• Vaccine Safety

  • Vaccines are biological products with biological effects.
  • These might be the cause of allergic reactions and side effects.
  • Some speculate that children with metabolic disorders might be prone to vaccine side effects.

• Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity

  • Some antibacterials have been associated with a range of adverse effects.
  • Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient.
  • Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
  • Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
  • Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid.

• Effective Disinfection

  • Disinfectants that are more effective than phenol have a coefficient > 1.
  • Those that are less effective have a coefficient < 1.
  • A less specific measurement of effectiveness is the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) classification into either high, intermediate, or low level of disinfection.
  • High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores, and is effected with a chemical germicide cleared for marketing as a sterilant by the U.S.
  • Describe the rationale for selecting a disinfectant and how their effectiveness is rated

• Purification of Drinking Water

  • Although chlorine is very effective against bacteria, it is not as effective against the cysts formed by protozoans (like giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium).
  • Ozone is widely used in Europe, and is an effective method to kill cysts formed by protozoans.
  • Ultraviolet Light is very effective at inactivating protozoan cysts, and will also kill bacteria and viruses.
  • However, it is not as effective in cloudy water.

• Genital Warts

  • Podofilox is safer and more effective than podophyllin.
  • Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is less effective than cryosurgery, and is not recommended for use in the vagina, cervix, or urinary meatus.
  • Interferon can be used; it is effective, but it is also expensive and its effect is inconsistent.
  • More effective than cryosurgery and recurrence is at a much lower rate.
  • Oral Isotretinoin is a therapy that has proven effective in experimental use, but is rarely used due to potentially severe side effects.

• Biological Control of Microbes

  • No single antimicrobial agent is most effective for use in all situations - different situations may call for different agents.
  • Once an agent has been selected, it is important to evaluate it's effectiveness.
  • In evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents, the concentration, length of contact, and whether it is lethal (-cidal) or inhibiting (-static) at that concentration of exposure are the important criteria.