clinical latency

Examples of clinical latency in the following topics:

• Disease Development

  • While the term latency period is used as synonymous, a distinction is sometimes made between incubation period, the period between infection and clinical onset of the disease, and latent period, the time from infection to infectiousness.
  • During clinical latency, an infection is subclinical.
  • With respect to viral infections, in clinical latency the virus is actively replicating.
  • This is in contrast to viral latency, a form of dormancy in which the virus does not replicate.

• Double-Stranded DNA Viruses: Herpesviruses

  • In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency-associated transcripts accumulate instead.
  • While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.
  • Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated transcripts to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production.
  • Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash, as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes, and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells.

• Disease Severity and Duration

  • The latency period is the time between infection and the ability of the disease to spread to another person, which may precede, follow, or be simultaneous with the appearance of symptoms.
  • Some viruses also exhibit a dormant phase, called viral latency, in which the virus hides in the body in an inactive state.
  • The International Classification of Diseases (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is according to its publisher, the United Nations-sponsored World Health Organization, and is considered "the standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes. " It is known as a health care classification system that provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease.

• Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus

  • In B cells, lytic replication normally only takes place after reactivation from latency.
  • In latency, only a portion of EBV's genes are expressed.
  • Latent EBV expresses its genes in one of three patterns, known as latency programs.
  • EBV can exhibit one of three latency programs: Latency I, Latency II, or Latency III.
  • Each latency program leads to the production of a limited, distinct set of viral proteins and viral RNAs.

• Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus

  • These stages of lytic infection, particularly late lytic, are distinct from the latency stage.
  • In the case of HSV-1, no protein products are detected during latency, whereas they are detected during the lytic cycle.

• The Vocabulary Epidemiology

  • The latency period is the time between infection and the ability of the disease to spread to another person, which may precede, follow, or be simultaneous with the appearance of symptoms.
  • Some viruses also exhibit a dormant phase, called viral latency, in which the virus hides in the body in an inactive state.
  • Compare and contrast the following concepts: epidemic, endemic, pandemic; incidence vs prevalence; morbidity vs mortality; incubation, latency, acute, decline and convalescent periods

• Specimen Collection

  • Laboratory diagnosis of diseases begins with the collection of a clinical specimen for examination or processing in the laboratory.
  • Laboratory diagnosis of an infectious disease begins with the collection of a clinical specimen for examination or processing in the laboratory.
  • Proper collection of an appropriate clinical specimen is, hence, the first step in obtaining an accurate laboratory diagnosis of an infectious disease.
  • Describe how laboratory diagnosis of disease begins with the collection of a clinical specimen for examination and processing

• Cultivation of Specimen

  • Following direct examination, clinical specimens are cultivated to generate more confirmatory data.
  • From such isolates, clinical microbiologists obtain information about a pathogen's microscopic morphology and staining reactions, culture appearance, motility, oxygen requirements, and biochemical characteristics.

• The Future of Diagnostic Immunology

  • These methods have facilitated the performance of tests and have greatly expanded the information that can be developed by a clinical laboratory.
  • The tests are now used for clinical diagnosis and the monitoring of therapies and patient responses.
  • In the cancer research field, vaccines that stimulate the immune system to attack tumor cells are undergoing clinical trials.

• The Science of Epidemiology

  • Epidemiological studies include disease etiology, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and clinical trials.
  • Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials.
  • Its study designs are generally categorized as descriptive, analytical (aiming to further examine known associations or hypothesized relationships), and experimental (a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions).