Examples of class switch recombination in the following topics:
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- Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching, or isotypic commutation, or class switch recombination (CSR)) is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another; for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG.
- Class switching occurs by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR) binding .
- Class switch recombination is a biological mechanism that allows the class of antibody produced by an activated B cell to change during a process known as isotype or class switching.
- Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells.
- Describe the process of class switch recombination that results in changes in the antibody-heavy chain
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- The first stage is called somatic, or V(D)J, which stands for variable, diverse, and joining regions recombination.
- The second stage of recombination occurs after the B cell is activated by an antigen.
- Affinity maturation occurs after V(D)J recombination, and is dependent on help from helper T cells.
- Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching, which changes the base of the heavy chain to another.
- Outline the two stages which result in antibody diversity: somatic (V(D)J) and recombination stages
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- Gene Inversion utilizes recombinases to invert DNA sequences, resulting in an ON to OFF switch in the gene located within this switch.
- Recombining sequences in site-specific reactions are usually short and occur at a single target site within the recombining sequence.
- Through the utilization of specific recombinases, a particular DNA sequence is inverted, resulting in an ON to OFF switch, and vice versa, of the gene located within or next to this switch.
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- E. coli and plasmid vectors are in common use because they are technically sophisticated, versatile, widely available, and offer rapid growth of recombinant organisms with minimal equipment.
- For example, if the experimentalists wish to harvest a particular protein from the recombinant organism, then an expression vector is chosen that contains appropriate signals for transcription and translation in the desired host organism.
- Whatever combination of host and vector are used, the vector almost always contains four DNA segments that are critically important to its function and experimental utility--(1) an origin of DNA replication is necessary for the vector (and recombinant sequences linked to it) to replicate inside the host organism, (2) one or more unique restriction endonuclease recognition sites that serves as sites where foreign DNA may be introduced, (3) a selectable genetic marker gene that can be used to enable the survival of cells that have taken up vector sequences, and (4) an additional gene that can be used for screening which cells contain foreign DNA.
- Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom: Eubacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Gammaproteobacteria, Order: Enterobacteriales, Family: Enterobacteriaceae, Genus: Escherichia, Species: E. coli.
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- RNA viruses in particular must coordinate the switch between plus and minus strand synthesis and between replication and transcription while protecting their genomes from cellular nucleases.
- Among these are the sudden emergence of the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continued transmission of an avian influenza virus to humans ("bird flu"), and the isolation of poliovirus vaccine-wild type recombinants that have hampered poliovirus eradication efforts.
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- Once the viral DNA is inserted into the bacteria, the Mu's transposase protein/enzyme in the cell recognizes the recombination sites at the ends of the viral DNA (gix-L and gix-R sites) and binds to them, allowing the process of replicating the viral DNA or embedding it into the host genome.
- Its transposition mechanism is somewhat similar to a homologous recombination.
- In this mechanism, the donor and receptor DNA sequences form a characteristic intermediate "theta" configuration, sometimes called a "Shapiro intermediate. " Replicative transposition is characteristic to retrotransposons and occurs from time to time in class II transposons.
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- Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
- Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
- Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA.
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- Restriction enzymes are a specific class of enzymes isolated from various bacteria and archaea, in which they grow naturally as a means of protection against viral infection.
- The isolation of approximately 3000 restriction enzymes has allowed molecular biologists to utilize them in processes such as cloning and the production of recombinant DNA .
- In molecular biology -- specifically, during the process of developing recombinant DNA -- DNA ligase can be used to ligate a fragment of DNA into a plasmid vector .
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- The MHC gene family is divided into three subgroups—class I, class II, and class III.
- Human MHC class I and II are also called human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
- In humans, the MHC is divided into three regions: classes I, II, and III.
- The A, B, C, E, F, and G genes belong to MHC class I, whereas the six D genes belong to class II.
- The variations in the MHC molecules (responsible for the polymorphism) are the result of the inheritance of different MHC molecules, and they are not induced by recombination, as it is the case for the antigen receptors.
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- Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
- Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA.