Examples of bacteria in the following topics:
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- Bacteria that perform anaerobic fermentation often partner with methanogenic archea bacteria to provide necessary products such as hydrogen.
- A frequently cited example of syntrophy are methanogenic archaea bacteria and their partner bacteria that perform anaerobic fermentation.
- Partner bacteria of the methanogenic archea therefore process these products.
- Methanogenic bacteria are important in the decomposition of biomass in most ecosystems.
- Methanogenic archea bacteria can also form associations with other organisms.
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- Bacteria categorized under the Phylum Bacteroidetes and Phlyum Chlorobi are closely related base on comparative genomic analysis.
- The Phylum Chlorobi are characterized by bacteria that are obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic which includes green sulfur bacteria.
- The green sulfur bacteria are photolithotropic oxidizers of sulfur and utilize a noncyclic electron transport chain.
- Chlorobium species typically exist in symbiotic relationships with a colorless, nonphotosynthetic bacteria .
- An image of a green sulfur bacteria which is categorized under the Phlyum Chlorobi and shares a close relationship with bacteria in the Phlyum Bacteroidetes.
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- Crown Gall Disease is caused by a bacteria called Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
- Bacteria normally use plasmids for horizontal gene transfer, so they can share genes with related bacteria to help them cope with stressful environments.
- Typically bacteria transfer plasmids through conjugation: a donor bacteria creates a tube called a pilus that penetrates the cell wall of the recipient bacteria and the plasmid DNA passes through the tube.
- In either case, the recipient bacteria receives new genetic material.
- These opines can be used by very few other bacteria and give A. tumefaciens a competitive advantage .
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- Most of the metabolic pathways, which comprise the majority of an organism's genes, are common between Archaea and Bacteria.
- Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria also share conserved indels in a number of important proteins, such as Hsp70 and glutamine synthetase I.
- Gupta has proposed that the Archaea evolved from Gram-positive bacteria in response to antibiotic selection pressure.
- This is suggested by the observation that archaea are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics that are primarily produced by Gram-positive bacteria, and that these antibiotics primarily act on the genes that distinguish Archaea from Bacteria.
- Describe the evidence for the evolution of the Archaea from Bacteria
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- Many bacteria can reduce sulfur in small amounts, but some bacteria can reduce sulfur in large amounts, in essence, breathing sulfur.
- These bacteria get their energy by reducing elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.
- The most well known sulfur reducing bacteria are those in the domain Archea, which are some of the oldest forms of life on Earth.
- Sulfur metabolic pathways for bacteria have important medical implications.
- For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the bacteria causing tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium leprae (which causes leoprosy) both utilize sulfur, so the sulfur pathway is a target of drug development to control these bacteria.
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- The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid.
- The mucus collects near the opening of the light organ which traps passing bacteria.
- The squid weeds out unwanted bacteria in several ways.
- It may also provide a supply of bacteria for squid hatchlings.
- Bobtail squid rely on their mutualist bacteria Allivibrio fischerii to generate light.
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- Bacteria are a subset of prokaryotes and while very different, they still have some common features.
- Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
- But what defines a bacteria?
- Bacteria as prokaryotes share many common features, such as:
- Eukaryotes are colored red, archaea green and bacteria blue.
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- Recent advances in sequencing technology led to the discovery of a high correlation between the number of genes and the genome size of bacteria, suggesting that bacteria have relatively small amounts of junk DNA.
- Evolutionary paths led some bacteria to become pathogens and symbionts.
- The lifestyles of bacteria play an integral role in their respective genome sizes.
- Free-living bacteria have the largest genomes out of the three types of bacteria; however, they have fewer pseudogenes than bacteria that have recently acquired pathogenicity.
- Facultative and recently evolved pathogenic bacteria exhibit a smaller genome size than free-living bacteria, yet they have more pseudogenes than any other form of bacteria.
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- Kirby-Bauer testing measures sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics by culturing bacteria on solid growth media surrounding sources of drug.
- First, a pure culture of bacteria is isolated from the patient.
- If the bacteria are susceptible to the particular antibiotic from a wafer, an area of clear media where bacteria are not able to grow surrounds the wafer, which is known as the zone of inhibition.
- Administering antibiotics that specifically target the particular bacteria that are causing the infection can avoid using broad-spectrum antibiotics, which target many types of bacteria.
- If an antibiotic stops the bacteria from growing, one can see circular areas around the wafers where bacteria have not grown.
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- There are several groups of bacteria that undergo anoxygenic photosynthesis: green sulfur bacteria, green and red filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAPs), phototrophic purple bacteria, phototrophic acidobacteria, and phototrophic heliobacteria.
- The green sulfur bacteria are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria most closely related to the distant Bacteroidetes.
- The purple sulfur bacteria are a group of Proteobacteria capable of photosynthesis.
- Bacteriochlorophylls are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria.
- Describe the mechanisms that specific bacteria use to undergo anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, including: green sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria