within school effects

Examples of within school effects in the following topics:

• Tracking and Within-School Effects

  • Tracking separates students within a school into different tracks based on their skills and abilities.
  • Whereas the Coleman Report focused on between school effects, or inequality between different schools, other research has looked at within school effects, or ways in which inequality may be produced or maintained among students in the same school.
  • One of the primary mechanisms for creating and maintaining inequality within schools is tracking.
  • Student can be tracked for all subjects or for certain classes and curriculum within a school.
  • Students from more privileged backgrounds gain access to higher quality instruction in upper-level tracks, while, even within the same school, poorer students are relegated to lower-level, less challenging tracks.

• Educational Psychology

  • Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn within an educational setting.
  • It examines the effectiveness of various educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social aspect of schools.
  • Educational and school psychologists can use these stages to assess how children learn and what interventions are necessary to help them progress most effectively.
  • Lightner Witmer, considered the founder of school psychology, opened the first psychological and guidance clinic in 1896 in Pennsylvania.
  • School psychology is essentially the application of educational psychology in schools.

• Coleman's Study of Between-School Effects in American Education

  • In 1966, the Coleman Report launched a debate about "school effects," desegregation and busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
  • The report, titled "Equality of Educational Opportunity," came to be known as the "Coleman Report. " At the time, it launched widespread debate on school effects, or the ways in which school-level characteristics influence student achievement.
  • The Coleman Report was commonly presented as evidence that school funding has little effect on student achievement.
  • In fact, the report did not deny that funding or other school effects matter, but it did argue that other factors are more important.
  • The report showed that, in general, white students scored higher than black students, but it also showed significant overlap in scores: 15 percent of black students fell within the same range of academic accomplishment as the upper 50 percent of white students.

• Bureaucratization of Schools

  • Despite good intentions and abundant rhetoric about "equal educational opportunity," schools have rarely taught the children of the poor effectively.
  • In order to understand the bureaucratization of schools, we must understand the historical development of the school system.
  • These needs formed the basis for school bureaucracies today.
  • The assumption that there is "one best system" for educating children has been especially problematic within the context of a pluralistic American society, a globalized world, and advances in information technology.
  • This case study outlines how one K-12 school district is managing change related to teaching, leading, and learning as it shifts to a more student-centered approach to education within a bureaucratic and virtually enhanced structure of schooling.

• Social Control

  • The conflict theory perspective towards education focuses on the role school systems may play in implementing social control.
  • Schools can further goals of social control by socializing students into behaving in socially acceptable ways .
  • Informal sanctions can have a powerful effect; individuals internalize the norm, which becomes an aspect of personality.
  • In schools, formal sanctions may include detention, suspension, or other formal punishments.
  • Discuss the use of school system and media as a means of exercising social control within a given society

• Educational Reform in the U.S.

  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Other education reforms have been motivated by attempts to improve the effectiveness of instruction.
  • John Dewey suggested that effective education poses problems and puzzles that motivate children to learn.
  • Rather than reforming the educational process, they focus on the effects that process achieves by measuring outcomes (e.g., student achievement).

• Compassionate Conservatism

  • As former Bush chief speechwriter Michael Gerson put it, "Compassionate conservatism is the theory that the government should encourage the effective provision of social services without providing the service itself."
  • If the school's results are repeatedly poor, then steps are taken to improve the test performance of the school.
  • Students are given the option to transfer to a better school within the school district, if any exists.
  • A fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school; the plan is implemented if the school fails to hit its AYP targets for the sixth year in a row.
  • Common options include closing the school, turning the school into a charter school, hiring a private company to run the school, or asking the state office of education to run the school directly.

• Challenges of Cognitive Tools

  • Salomon wrote about the pedagogy of cognitive tools, "No tool is good or bad in and of itself: its effectiveness results from and contributes to the whole configuration of events, activities, contexts, and interpersonal processes taking place in the context of which it is used…If nothing significant changes in the classroom save the introduction of a tool, few if any important changes can be expected (1993, p. 189).
  • The research with the Detroit schools found many other challenges with respect to implementing cognitive tools on a scalable fashion as well.
  • The challenges included: teacher training, technology integrated curriculum, assessment, school culture, district policy and management, district capability, changing pedagogical approaches, and cost.
  • The use of cognitive tools as an intricate part of the restructuring of schools requires the need for a possible reorganization of several areas of infrastructure within our schools.
  • Assessment issues may also become a concern with the implementation of cognitive tools within the school setting.

• Staking the Desk: Unequal Funding

  • Because schools are funded by property taxes, schools in poor areas receive less funding then schools in wealthier areas.
  • In the United States, most public schools are funded primarily through local property taxes.
  • Whereas some people laud education as the great equalizer, others observe the effects of school funding schemes and conclude that they actually reinforce inequality and stratification.
  • Since school funding is often based on property taxes, poorer neighborhoods may have less money available for schools.
  • Examine the inequality in public school systems and the implications for a student's future

• Vocational Training

  • A rise in formalized vocational training followed the Panic of 1893, with vocational high schools and normal schools preceding.
  • Normal Schools began in Massachusetts in the 1880s as extensions of local high schools.
  • Paul's Public School District established a "City Training School" for preparing teachers.
  • Paul School's first principal; Mrs.
  • Nationally, a new two-year vehicle for educating the industrial worker found its launching within the secondary public school system under the leadership of local school districts.