war powers resolution

Examples of war powers resolution in the following topics:

• Congress

  • Two constitutional clauses, the Constitution and Foreign Commerce Clause and the War Power Clause, give Congress foreign policy powers.
  • Perhaps the most important powers are in the War Power Clause which was given to Congress in the Constitution and Foreign Commerce Clause.
  • Therefore, in light of the speculation concerning the Gulf of Tonkin and the possible abuse of the authorization that followed, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973.
  • The constitutionality of the resolution has never been settled.
  • They believe this because no amendment with two-thirds majority of states has changed the original intent to make the War Powers Resolution legally binding.

• World War I and the League of Nations

  • The League lacked its own armed force, and depended on the Great powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed.
  • However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so.
  • After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers.
  • The onset of World War II showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war.
  • Explain the historical rise and fall of the League of Nations after World War I

• The Conflict-Resolution Function

  • Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war.
  • On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law, but they express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure.
  • While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills, it has the power to amend or reject them.
  • Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments.
  • Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power.

• The President

  • In his last press conference before the start of the invasion of Iraq in 2003, President Bush invoked the congressional authorization of force, UN resolutions, and the inherent power of the president to protect the United States derived from his oath of office.
  • War powers provide a key avenue for presidents to act in foreign policy.
  • Since World War II, presidents have never asked Congress for (or received) a declaration of war.
  • Congress's most concerted effort to restrict presidential war powers, the War Powers Act, passed despite President Nixon's veto in 1973.
  • It was established to limit presidential war powers, but it gave presidents the right to commit troops for sixty days with only the conditions being to consult with and report to Congress—conditions presidents often feel free to ignore.

• Charles I and the Power to Tax

  • He demanded over £700,000 to assist in prosecuting the war.
  • Because of this, the House of Lords rejected the bill, leaving Charles without any money to provide for the war effort.
  • By 1627, with England still at war, Charles decided to raise "forced loans" or taxes not authorized by Parliament.
  • As a result, a series of Parliamentary declarations known as the Resolutions were prepared after tense debates.
  • A number of possible alternatives to the Resolutions were debated but finally, Sir Edward Coke made a speech suggesting that the Commons join with the House of Lords and pass their four resolutions as a petition of right (although he was not the first to do so).

• The League of Nations

  • The league lacked its own armed forces and depended on the traditional Great Powers nations – France, Britain, Russia, Germany, and Japan – to enforce its resolutions, maintain its economic sanctions, or provide military support when needed.
  • Most of these questions were handled by the victorious Allied powers, and subsequently the league played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war.
  • Finally, the League of Nations lacked any type of armed forces of its own and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, which they were unwilling to do.
  • The largest bloc, led by Lodge, wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U.S.
  • It was not until July 21, 1921, that Harding signed into law the Knox-Porter Resolution drafted by Congress, which formally ended hostilities between the U.S. and the Central Powers.

• The War on Terrorism

  • The phrase "War on Terror" was first used by U.S.
  • In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by Osama bin Laden and later reformed as al-Qaeda, started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power that same year.
  • The Bush administration stated that the invasion was the "serious consequences" spoken of in the UNSC Resolution 1441.
  • The Bush administration also stated that the Iraq War was part of the War on Terror, a claim that was later questioned.
  • Identify the main elements of U.S. foreign policy during the War on Terror

• The War on Terror

  • In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by Osama bin Laden and later reformed as al-Qaeda, started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power that same year.
  • The Bush administration stated the invasion was the "serious consequences" spoken of in the UNSC Resolution 1441.
  • The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on Terror, something later contested.
  • Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morals, ethics, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer.
  • The "War on terror" has been seen as a pretext for reducing civil liberties.

• The War's Aftermath

  • The War of 1812 was a 32-month military conflict between the United States and the British Empire and their allies which resulted in no territorial change, but a resolution of many issues remaining from the American War of Independence.
  • However, all the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of First Nation Indian tribes.
  • The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain's North American colonies.
  • After the war, British sympathizers portrayed the war was as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired.
  • Summarize the results of the War of 1812, dubbed the "Second War of Independence" by the Americans

• Polk and Expansion

  • During his presidency, many abolitionists harshly criticized Polk as an instrument of the "Slave Power" and claimed that he supported the annexation of Texas, as well as the later war with Mexico, for the purpose of spreading slavery.
  • Upon hearing of Polk's election to office in 1844, President John Tyler urged Congress to pass a joint resolution admitting Texas to the Union; Congress complied on February 28, 1845.
  • Nonetheless, just days after the resolution passed Congress, Polk declared in his inaugural address that only Texas and the United States would decide whether to annex.
  • The war had serious consequences for Polk and the Democrats, however.
  • It gave the Whig Party a unifying message of denouncing the war as an immoral act of aggression carried out through abuse of power by the president.